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Anatomy 32 > Autonomic NS and Visceral Reflexes > Flashcards

Autonomic NS and Visceral Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

General Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary control of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Responsible for visceral reflexes

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2
Q

What is another name for the
Autonomic Nervous System?

What does it contrast?

A

Visceral Motor System (unconscious control)

Contrasts the Somatic Nervous System (conscious control)

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3
Q

What are Visceral Reflexes?

A

Unconscious, automatic, sterotyped responses to stimulation of viscera effectors to stimuli

ex. A rise in blood pressure triggers a reflexive decrease in heart rate

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4
Q

What are the two sub-divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic Division: (Battle-mode)

Parasympathetic Division: (Rest and Digest mode)

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5
Q

What is the Sympathetic Division and what does it do?

A
  • “fight or flight” responses for increased physical activity
  • Increases heart rate and pumps more blood to skeletal muscles
  • Reduces blood flow to skin and GI tract
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6
Q

Describe the Parasympathetic Division

A
  • “Rest and Digest” responses with calming effect
  • Decreases heart rate
  • Simulates digestive and waste elimination
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7
Q

What is the Autonomic Tone?

A

Balanced activity of both sympathetic and parasympathetic division

(will shift according to body’s needs)

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8
Q

2 Neural Pathways of the Autonomic System

A

Preganglionic Fibers:
- Neurosoma in brainstem or spinalcord
- Axon terminates in ganglion

Postganglionic Fibers:
- Neurosoma in ganglion
- Axon extends to target area

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9
Q

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic NS

Effectors

A

Somatic: Skeletal Muscle

Autonomic: Glands, smooth, and cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic NS

Type of Control

A

Somatic: voluntary

Autonomic: involuntary

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11
Q

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic NS

Efferent Pathways

A

Somatic:
One nerve fiber from CNS to effector, no ganglia

Autonomic:
Two nerve fibers from CNS to effector, synapse at a ganglion

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12
Q

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic NS

Distal Nerve Endings

A

Somatic: Neuromuscular junctions

Autonomic: Varicosities (enlarged veins)

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13
Q

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic NS

Effect on target cells

A

Somatic: Always excitatory

Autonomic: Excitatory or Inhibitory

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14
Q

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic NS

Effect on Denervation

A

Somatic: Flaccid Paralysis

Autonomic: Denervation Hypersensitivity

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15
Q

Describe the Sympathetic process in the Thoracolumbar Division

A

Arises from thoracic and lumbar regions

Preganglionic fibers exit out of spinal cord via spinal nerves (T1 to L2) and attach to Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

Post-ganglionic fibers branch exit of Sympathetic Chain Ganglia to Cervical and Coccygeal areas (above T1 and below L2)

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16
Q

Describe the Preganglionic and Postganglionic fibers in the Sympathetic Division

A

Preganglionic fibers:
Enter ganglia through white communicating rami

Postganglionic Fibers: Unmyelinated
Leave ganglia by various routs including gray communicating rami

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17
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibers Pathways

Spinal Nerve Route

A

Supports sweat glands, arrector muscles, and blood vessels of skin and skeletal muscles

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18
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibers Pathways

Sympathetic Nerve Route

A

Supports iris, salivary glands, lungs, heart, thoracic blood vessels, esophagus

(supports mainly thoracic organs and some cranial organs)

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19
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibers Pathways

Splanchic Nerve Route

A

Supports liver, spleen, adrenal glands, stomatch, intestines, kidenys, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

(Supports abdominal and pelvic organs)

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20
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands?

A

Superior to each kidney (kidney hats)

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21
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • Outer layer of the Adrenal Glands
  • Secretes steriod hormones
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22
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Inner part of the Adrenal Glands
  • Modified Sympathetic Ganglion
  • Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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23
Q

Describe the Parasympathetic Process in the Cranial Sacral Division

A

Arises from Cranial and Sacral Regions

Preganglionic Fibers exit out of pons, medulla oblongata, S2 to S4 of spinal cord and reach over to their target organs and 4 cranial ganglions

(Have long Preganglionic Fibers and short Postganglionic Fibers)

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24
Q

Name the 4 Cranial Nerves and their functions

A

Oculomotor Nerve (III): Controls lens and pupils
Facial Nerves (IV): Controls tear, salivary, and nasal glands
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Controls salivary glands
Vagus Nerve (X): provides branches for heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs

(Vagus nerve contains 90% of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers)S

25
Q

What are Splanchnic Nerves?

What do Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves carry?

A

Paired, autonomic nerves that carry both visceral Sympathetic and sensory fibers

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves carry only Parasympathetic fibers

26
Q

What is the Enteric Nervous System?

A

Nervous system of the digestive tract that doesn’t come from the CNS

Innervates smooth muscle and glands

27
Q

Enteric Nervous System functions

A

Regulates:
- Motility of the Esophagus, stomach and intestines
- Secretion of DIgestive Enzymes and Acids

28
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Origin of the CNS

A

Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar

Parasympathetic: Craniosacral

29
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Location of ganglia

A

Sympathetic:
Sympathetic chain ganglia located ventral and lateral to the spinal cord

Parasympathetic:
Terminal ganglia near or within target organs

30
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Fiber lengths

A

Sympathetic:
Long Preganglionic Fibers
Short Postganglionic Fibers

Parasympathetic:
Short Preganglionic Fibers
Long Postganglionic Fibers

31
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Neuronal Divergence

A

Sympathetic:
Extensive

Parasympathetic:
Minimal

32
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Area of Effect on Body System

A

Sympathetic:
Often widespread and general

Parasympathetic:
More local and specific

33
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Effects on Pupil

A

Sympathetic:
Dilation (Grows larger)

Parasympathetic:
Constriction (Grows smaller)

34
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Effects on Lens of Eye

A

Sympathetic:
Thinning for far vision

Parasympathetic:
Thickening for near vision

35
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Lacrimal (tear) glands

A

Sympathetic: None

Parasympathetic: Secretion

36
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Sweat Glands

A

Sympathetic:
Secretion

Parasympathetic:
Usually no effect but produces palmar sweating

37
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Arrector Muscles

A

Sympathetic: Hair erection

Parasympathetic: No effect

38
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Heart Rate

A

Sympathetic: Increased

Parasympathetic: Decreased

39
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Blood vessels of most viscera

A

Sympathetic: Vasoconstriction

Parasympathetic: No Effect but dilates GI blood vessels

40
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Blood Vessels of Skeletal Muscles

A

Sympathetic: Vasodilation

Parasympathetic: No effect

41
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Blood vessels of Skin

A

Sympathetic: Vasoconstriction

Parasympathetic: Usually no effect, dilates some facial blood vessels causing blushing

42
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Bronchioles

A

Sympathetic:
Bronchodilation (Increased air to lungs)

Parasympathetic:
Bronchoconstriction (Decreased air to lungs)

43
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Kidneys

A

Sympathetic: Reduced urine output

Parasympathetic: No effect

44
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Muscle of bladder wall

A

Sympathetic: No effect

Parasympathetic: Constriction, emptying bladder

45
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Types of Secretion from Salivary Glands

A

Sympathetic: Thick mucous secretion

Parasympathetic: Thin serous secretion

46
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Gastrointenstinal Motility

A

Sympathetic: Decreased

Parasympathetic: Increased

47
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Gastrointestinal Secretion

A

Sympathetic: Decreased

Parasympathetic: Increased

48
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Liver

A

Sympathetic: Glycogen breakdown

Parasympathetic: Glycogen Synthesis

49
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion

A

Sympathetic: Decreased

Parasympathetic: Increased

50
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Penis and Clitoris

A

Sympathetic:
Loss of erection

Parasympathetic:
Erection

51
Q

Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Ejactulation

A

Sympathetic: Stimulation

Parasympathetic: No effect

52
Q

What do Cholinergic Fibers do?

A

Secrete ACh

53
Q

Which neurons secrete ACh?

A
  • Preganglionic nerouns of both divisions
  • Postganglionic neurons of Parasympathetic Division
  • Few postganglionic neurons of the Sympathetic Division
54
Q

What are Muscarinic Receptors?

A

ACh receptors found on involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac) in the parasympathetic nervous system and in sympathetic cholinergic fibers

55
Q

What are Nicotinic receptors?

A

ACh receptors found on postganglionic neurons of both autonomic systems

56
Q

What do Adrenergic Fibers do?

A

They are cells that secrete Norepinephrine (NE)

Secreted by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic fibers

57
Q

What are Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors?

What do they do?

A

Both Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors are found on some effector target cells found on Sympathetic Adrenergic fibers

Alpha-Adrenergic receptors: will excite

Beta-Adrenergic Receptors: will inhibit

58
Q

What are two types of Sympathetic fibers?

A

Sympathetic Cholinergic Fibers: secrete ACh, they have Muscarinic receptors

Sympathetic Adrenergic Fibers:
secrete NE, they have Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Receptors

Anatomy 32 (20 decks)

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