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inbde > Pathology (Medicine) > Flashcards

Pathology (Medicine) Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis B serology testing involves four specific markers to determine a patient’s infection or immunity status.
HBsAg
Anti-HBs
Anti-HBc
IgM anti-HBc
IgG anti-HBc

A

HBsAg: Indicates infectious hepatitis B virus

Anti-HBs: Indicates immunity to hepatitis B

Anti-HBc: Indicates natural immunity or recovery from HBV

IgM anti-HBc: Indicates acute HBV infection

IgG anti-HBc: Indicates chronic or recovered HBV

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2
Q

A patient with an acute infection will be positive for?
person in acute phase of Hep B

A

IgM anti-HBc
Hep B: positive HBsAg and anti-HBc

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3
Q

A patient with acute hepatitis B infection will have positive serology results

A

HBsAg, anti-Hbc, IgM anti-HBc.

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4
Q

Type 1 : what antibodies and example

A

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies which cause mast and basophil cell degranulation. These cells release histamine and other vasoactive compounds which are responsible for the acute symptoms of an allergic reaction. Examples include asthma and dermatitis.

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5
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction and examples

A

Type II hypersensitivity reactions are IgM and IgG-mediated and trigger complement activation which leads to cell and tissue damage. Examples include pemphigus and mucous membrane pemphigoid.

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6
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity and examples

A

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are cell-mediated, where the body’s own CD4 and CD8 T-cells develop strong responses to antigens. Examples include lichen planus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis

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7
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity and examples

A

Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated. These immune complexes deposit themselves in tissues such as the skin, kidney or joints, as seen in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

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8
Q

which one is immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity

A

type 3, example SLE

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9
Q

patients will have characteristic red/purple lesions (birthmarks) usually limited to one side of the face.

A

Sturge-weber angiomatosis
vascular malformations along the distribution of the trigeminal nerves

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10
Q

Port wine stain

A

Sturge-weber syndrome

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11
Q

difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Type I diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder that causes β-cell destruction and insulin deficiency.
Type II diabetes mellitus is caused by β-cells dysfunction and is associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and insulin resistance.

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12
Q

Basal Cell Nevus syndrome is inherited with what pattern

A

Autosomal dominant

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13
Q

Crouzon syndrome

A

Midface hypoplasia, bulging eyes, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, maxillary retrognathism, brachycephaly (short skull AP)

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14
Q

Does cleidocranial dysplasia have hypodontia or supernumerary teeth?

A

supernumerary teeth, also delaed /absent of permanent dentition

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15
Q

Triad of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome

A
  1. facial paralysis
  2. fissured tongue
  3. granulomatous cheilitis
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16
Q

Hornor Syndrome

A

Affects the face and eyes on one side of the body.
1. Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. Miosis (constricting of the pupils)
3. Anhidrosis (decreased sweating)

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17
Q

Btw cleft lip and palate what is treated first and when?

A

Cleft lip (3-6 months)
then cleft palate (6-12 months)

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18
Q

1st evidence of tooth development

A

dental lamina

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19
Q

dentin and dental pulp arise from

A

dental papilla

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20
Q

PDL, cementum and alveolar bone arise from

A

dental follicle

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21
Q

Nikolsky sign

A

pemphigus vulgaris

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22
Q

which one have conjunctiva of eye? mucous membrane pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgairs

A

mucous membrane pemphigoid, it can lead to blindness

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23
Q

HPV is associated with what type of SCC

A

oropharyngeal

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24
Q

HPV can cayse many cancers includeing

A

oropharync, larynx, cervix, penis, anus

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25
Q

EBV virus related to what type of cancer

A

nasopharyngeal and Burkitt’s lumphoma

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26
Q

Macule

A

circumscribed, flat less than 10 mm in diameter

27
Q

patch

A

circumscribed, flat more than 10 mm in diameter

28
Q

papule

A

circumscribed, elevted, solid less than 10 mm in diameter

29
Q

nodule

A

circumscribed, elevated, solid more than 10 mm in diameter

30
Q

Melkersson-rosenthal syndrome

A

neuro disorder with facial paralysis, granulomatous swelling of the lips and face, and fissured tongue.

31
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

chronic neuropathic pain caused by an injury or lesion on the trigeminal nerve.
very painful

32
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a

A

rapidly progressive muscle weakness caused by immune-mediated peripheral nervous system inflammation. It involves progressive muscle weakness beginning in the extremities that spreads proximally

33
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis results in metabolic acidosis with excell blood glucose. breathing pattern is

34
Q

this breathing is respiratory compensation to metabolic acidosis

A

Kussmaul breathing- deep, rapid, and labored.

35
Q

Metaplasia

A

reversible transformation of one cell type to another eg: barett’s metaplasia in esophagus

36
Q

dysplasia

A

disordered cell growth with loss of tissue orientation

37
Q

HIV “undetectable”

A

> 50 copies/mL

38
Q

HIV “viral suppression”

A

less than 200 copies/mL

39
Q

neurofibromatosis type 1 or Von Recklinghausen’s disease,

A
  1. Cafe au lait
  2. Lisch nodules (spots on iris)
  3. Crowe’s sign (axillary freckles)
  4. optic glioma
40
Q

Allodynia

A

pain that is provoked from a stimulus that does not normally cause pain.

41
Q

Cause of burning mouth syndrome

A

idiopathic
burning sensation in mucosa, including tongue

42
Q

post-herpetic neuralgia

A

complication of shingles, results in burning pain

43
Q

TMJ pain due to 2 main bone conditions

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis : worse in the morning and patient will have progressive class 2 malocclusion and anterior open bite
  2. osteoarthritis: limited stiffness in the morning and worsens throughout the day, at older age
44
Q

hypopigmentation of skin

A

vitiligo

45
Q

Tp53 gene

A

tumor suppressor gene

46
Q

essential hypertension

A

primary hypertension

47
Q

Bence Jones Protein is associated with

A

multiple myeloma

48
Q

symptoms of scralet fever

A
  1. Red rash
  2. High fever
  3. Sore throat
    Strawberry tongue (yellow)
49
Q

Mononucleosis is infectious condition caused by

A

EBV virus
- stimulated salivary flow

50
Q

Esophageal ulcers caused by

A

bacterial infection by H. pylori

51
Q

Hiv patients have everything low except for these cells

A

Low:
CD4+ (directly attacked by virus), platelets, RBC
High: CD 8+ = cytotoxic cells induce cell death of virus-infected cells.

52
Q

HIV patients routnely tests:

A

1 ALT
2. Alkaline phosphotase
3. Bilirubin

53
Q

alzeimer affects where in brain

A

hippocampus

54
Q

dementia affects where in brain

A

multiple parts like frotal lobe, and temporal lobe

55
Q

methotrexate impairs what organ

A

kidney , so creatine clearance important

56
Q

what is gout ?

A

inflammatory arthritis mostly affects joints in the toes, characterized by siddent attacks of sever painm swelling and redness caused by uric accumulation,
treated with NSAIDs, corticosteroids and allopurinol

57
Q

HIV manifestation

A

Initially: mononucleosis ike symptoms where patinet will have fever, chills, rashes, sore throat, mouth ulcers and swollen lymph nodes for 2-4 weeks

if left untreated: can cause kaposi sarcoma manifestation
Oral hairy leukoplakia can cause occur

Blue sclera in AIDS

58
Q

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms

A

painful bones, renal stones abdominal groans, psychic moans

weakness
kindey stones
increase urination
depression

increase serum calcium, decrease phosphate

59
Q

symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex

A

rare, multi-system genetic disease caused by defects on the TSC1 or TSC2 genes leading to a loss of regulation of a protein called mTOR.

benign tumors dispersed throughout the body

skin lesions, permanent tooth pitting, and benign tumors

60
Q

amyloidosis causes what in heart

A

cardiomyopathy

61
Q

Too much cortisol what disease

A

cushing’s syndrome
overuse of steroid medication ,
or excessive production of cortisl from adrenal gland or pituitary gland tumor (pituitary adenoma)
- weight gain, fatty tissue deposit, moon face and buffalo bump,

62
Q

obesity leads to what type of cancer in men?

A

Colorectal (colon)

63
Q

Central sleep apnea

A

when there is ineffective comunication between brain and muscles.
- encephalitis
- spinal cord injury
- poliomyelitis (bc it causes death of motor neurons)

NOT adenoids

64
Q
A

inbde (10 decks)

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