Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards
how do cells adapt to stress
-hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
what is hypertrophy
increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number
where does hypertrophy usually only occur
skeletal and cardiac muscle
what does hypertrophied cardiac muscle look like
increased size between fascicles and blood supply is further away from fascicles
what is hyperplasia
increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells
what are examples of physiologic hyperplasia
erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude
- cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during menstrual cycle
- regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision
what is an example of pathologic hyperplasia
epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus
what are examples in which hyperplasia is combined with hypertrophy
- enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number but also in size
- in benign prostatic enlargement there is both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic glands and smooth muscle
what is a papilloma formed due to
epithelial hyperplasia
what are pyogenic granulomas formed due to
endothelial hyperplasia
what are fibromas formed due to
fibrous hyperplasia
what is epulis fissuratum formed due to
fibrous hyperplasia
what is inflammatory papillary hyperplasia formed due to
epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia
what is sub pontic osseous hyperplasia formed due to
osseous hyperplasia
what are exostoses formed due to
osseous hyperplasia
what is gingival enlargement due to
hyperplasia
when is epulis fissuratum seen
in denture patients with ill fitting dentures
when is inflammatroy papillary hyperplasia seen
in denture patients with ill fitting dentures
when is sub pontic osseous hyperplasia seen
in bridge cases on the tooth that has the bridge over it
what is gingival hyperplasia due to
- poor oral hygiene
- DM
what does cyclosporin do and what is its side effect
- causes gingival enlargement
- immunosuppressant
what does procardia do and what is its side effect
-hypertensive medication- calcium channel blocker
causes drug induced gingival enlargement
what does dilantin do and what is its side effect
- treats seizures
- causes gingival enlargement
what disorders cause gingival enlargement
- leukemic infiltrates
- amyloid infiltration
- kippel- Trenaunay Weber syndrome
- juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
- cowden syndrome
- wegener granulomatosis
what is condylar hyperplasia
idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle
- can cause open bite
how does a hyperplastic dental follicle present on an xray
pericoronal radiolucency
what causes gynecomastia - hyperplasis of male breast
- seen in puberty
- ketoconazole (anti fungal agent)
- lytic tumir
- pituitary gland tumor
- testes tumor
what is atrophy
reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs
what are examples of pathologic atrophy
atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation
- atrophy of the brain due to ischemia