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Pathology I > Cell Injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells adapt to stress

A

-hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia

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2
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number

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3
Q

where does hypertrophy usually only occur

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

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4
Q

what does hypertrophied cardiac muscle look like

A

increased size between fascicles and blood supply is further away from fascicles

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5
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells

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6
Q

what are examples of physiologic hyperplasia

A

erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude
- cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during menstrual cycle
- regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision

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7
Q

what is an example of pathologic hyperplasia

A

epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus

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8
Q

what are examples in which hyperplasia is combined with hypertrophy

A
  • enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number but also in size
  • in benign prostatic enlargement there is both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic glands and smooth muscle
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9
Q

what is a papilloma formed due to

A

epithelial hyperplasia

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10
Q

what are pyogenic granulomas formed due to

A

endothelial hyperplasia

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11
Q

what are fibromas formed due to

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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12
Q

what is epulis fissuratum formed due to

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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13
Q

what is inflammatory papillary hyperplasia formed due to

A

epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia

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14
Q

what is sub pontic osseous hyperplasia formed due to

A

osseous hyperplasia

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15
Q

what are exostoses formed due to

A

osseous hyperplasia

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16
Q

what is gingival enlargement due to

A

hyperplasia

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17
Q

when is epulis fissuratum seen

A

in denture patients with ill fitting dentures

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18
Q

when is inflammatroy papillary hyperplasia seen

A

in denture patients with ill fitting dentures

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19
Q

when is sub pontic osseous hyperplasia seen

A

in bridge cases on the tooth that has the bridge over it

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20
Q

what is gingival hyperplasia due to

A
  • poor oral hygiene
  • DM
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21
Q

what does cyclosporin do and what is its side effect

A
  • causes gingival enlargement
  • immunosuppressant
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22
Q

what does procardia do and what is its side effect

A

-hypertensive medication- calcium channel blocker
causes drug induced gingival enlargement

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23
Q

what does dilantin do and what is its side effect

A
  • treats seizures
  • causes gingival enlargement
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24
Q

what disorders cause gingival enlargement

A
  • leukemic infiltrates
  • amyloid infiltration
  • kippel- Trenaunay Weber syndrome
  • juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
  • cowden syndrome
  • wegener granulomatosis
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25
Q

what is condylar hyperplasia

A

idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle
- can cause open bite

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26
Q

how does a hyperplastic dental follicle present on an xray

A

pericoronal radiolucency

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27
Q

what causes gynecomastia - hyperplasis of male breast

A
  • seen in puberty
  • ketoconazole (anti fungal agent)
  • lytic tumir
  • pituitary gland tumor
  • testes tumor
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28
Q

what is atrophy

A

reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs

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29
Q

what are examples of pathologic atrophy

A

atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation
- atrophy of the brain due to ischemia

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30
Q

what are examples of physiologic atrophy

A

atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy
- involution of the thymus in early adult life

31
Q

pathologic atrophy results from:

A
  • disuse
  • denervation
  • lack of trophic hormones
  • ischemia
  • malnutrition
  • idiopathic - parrry -romberg syndrome
32
Q

what happens in parry romberg syndrome

A

progressive hemifacial atrophy

33
Q

what is metaplasia

A

replacement of one mature cell type by another one
- changes to a tougher cell type

34
Q

what is the metaplasia example in smokers

A

replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium

35
Q

what is an example of metaplasia in acid reflux

A

intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus called Barrett esophagus is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in GI reflux

36
Q

metaplasia is generally _____ and the tissue ______ after the irritant is removed

A

reversible; reverts to normal

37
Q

if the irritant persists, metaplasia may progress to:

A

dysplasia

38
Q

where is necrotizing sialometaplasia seen

A

on hard palate, bi laterally or unilaterally

39
Q

what two mechanisms do cells use to respond to non lethal injury

A

adaptive and non adaptivr

40
Q

what are examples of adaptive mechanisms

A
  • hyperplasia is an increase in cell numbers
  • hypertrophy is an increase in cell size
  • atrophy is the reduction in cell size
  • metaplasia is a change to tougher cell type
41
Q

what are examples of non adaptive mechanisms

A

agenesis
- aplasia
- hypoplasia

42
Q

what is an example of agenesis

A

congenitally missing teeth

43
Q

what is hypoplasia

A

the incomplete development of an organ

44
Q

what happens in treacher collins syndrome

A

hypoplastic mandible

45
Q

what happens in pierre robin syndrome

A

aplasia/hypoplasia

46
Q

what is regional odontodysplasia and what is the disease classified as

A

aplasia/hypoplasia
- idiopathic
- “ghost teeth” in a section of the jaw

47
Q

what are “ghost teeth” in a section of the jaw pathognomonic for

A

regional odontodysplasia

48
Q

what does dysplasia mean

A

abnormal formation

49
Q

what does ectodermal dysplasia affect

A

things that derive from ectoderm -> nails, hair, sweat glands

50
Q

how does fibro- osseous dysplasia present on a radiograph

A

radiolucent and radiopaque periapical lesion

51
Q

what is enlargment of the mandible caused by

A

fibrous dysplasia

52
Q

what does dentin dysplasia type I affect

A
  • altered growth of dentin
  • affects radicular dentin
53
Q

what are the two types of cell death

A

necrosis and apoptosis

54
Q

what is an example of a reversible change

A

fatty change in liver

55
Q

what are examples of irreversible changes

A

necrosis
apoptosis

56
Q

what is pyknosis

A

a small dark and shrunken nucleus

57
Q

what is karyorrhexis

A

nuclear fragmentation

58
Q

what is karyolysis

A

dissolution of the nucleus

59
Q

where is coagulative necrosis seen

A

hypoxic injury - MI

60
Q

when in liquefactive necrosis seen

A

in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct

61
Q

when is caseous necrosis seen

A

tuberculosis

62
Q

when is fat necrosis seen

A

acute pancreatitis

63
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death occurring through activation of an internal suicide program

64
Q

what controls apoptosis

A

caspases

65
Q

what does apoptosis do

A

selectively eliminates unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells

66
Q

what is the process of apoptosis

A
  • the plasma membrane remains intact but its structure is altered so that it becomes a target for phagocytosis
  • the dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore does not elicit an inflammatory reaction
67
Q

what is physiologic apoptosis

A
  • programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis
  • hormone dependent involution of tissues in the adult
  • deletion of potenially harmful self reactinve lymphocytes
  • cell death induced by CTLs
68
Q

what are pathologic apoptosis examples

A
  • if DNA repair mechanisms cant cope with damage the cells kills iteself
  • cell death in certain viral infections
  • pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction
  • cell death tumors
69
Q

what are exogenous pigments

A

-carbon- anthracosis
- tatooing- skin and mucosal tissues (amalgam tatto)w

70
Q

what are endogenous pigments

A
  • lipofuscin
  • melanin
  • hemosiderin
  • bilirubin
71
Q

what is pathologic calcification

A

abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues

72
Q

where does dystrophic calcification occur

A

in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels

73
Q

where does metastatic calcification occur

A

in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcium

74
Q
A

Pathology I (24 decks)

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