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Pathology I > Inflammation and Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

what is the word for inflammation of the lymph node

A

lymphadenitis

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2
Q

what is the name for inflammation of fallopian tubes

A

salpingitis

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3
Q

what is the name for inflammation of cornea

A

keratitis

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4
Q

what is the name for inflammation of glans penis

A

balantitis

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5
Q

what is balantitis seen in

A

reiters syndrome

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6
Q

what is the name for inflammation of bladder

A

cystitis

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7
Q

what is the name for inflammation of skin

A

dermatitis

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8
Q

what is the name for inflammation of nasal mucosa

A

rhinitis

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9
Q

what is the name for inflammation of renal glomerulus

A

glomerulonephritis

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10
Q

what is the name for inflammation of hair follicle or sebaceous gland

A

folliculitis

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11
Q

what is the name for inflammation of paranasal sinus

A

sinusitis

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12
Q

what is the name for inflammation of renal interstitium

A

pyelonephritis

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13
Q

what is the name for inflammation of lips

A

chelitis

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14
Q

what is the name for inflammation of ear

A

otitis

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15
Q

what is the name for inflammation of ureter

A

urethritis, ureteritis

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16
Q

what is the name for inflammation of oral mucosa

A

stomatitis

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17
Q

what is the name for inflammation of eyelid

A

blepharitis

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18
Q

what is the name for inflammation of gingiva

A

gingivitis

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19
Q

what is the name for inflammation of conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis

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20
Q

what is the name for inflammation of prostate

A

prostatitis

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21
Q

what is the name for inflammation of periodontium

A

peridontitis

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22
Q

what is the name for inflammation of dental pulp

A

pulpitis

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23
Q

how is inflammation classified

A

-chronic or acute
- exudative or non-exudative

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24
Q

what are the morphologic patterns of inflammation

A
  • serous
  • fibrinous
  • suppurative
    -ulcerative
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25
Q

describe the pattern of acute inflammation and which cells are involved

A
  • rapid onset, painful, short duration - minutes to days
  • emigration of leukocytes, predominately neutrophils
  • exudation of fluid and plasma proteins
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26
Q

describe the pattern of chronic inflammation and what cells are involved

A
  • longer duration, slow onset
  • mononuclear cells- macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • proliferation of BV and fibroblasts
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27
Q

which type of inflammation tends to be more exudative

A

acute

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28
Q

what is non exudative inflammation associated with

A

chronic inflammation and fibrosis and scarring

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29
Q

what are the causes of inflammation

A
  • thermal
  • physical
  • chemical
  • allergic
  • immune mediated disease
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30
Q

what is the definition of inflammation

A

the bodys response to injury

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31
Q

what is the definition of immunity

A

comes into play when inflammation is caused by a living organism (infection)

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32
Q

infection may provoke _____

A

inflammation and immunity

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33
Q

inflammation may exist without _____

A

infection

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34
Q

what are the 3 lines of defense of the body

A
  • barriers: skin, mucous membranes, secretions
  • inflammatory response: cells (leukocytes), and molecules (mediators)
  • immune response: antibodies (humoral), cytotoxic T cells (cellular)
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35
Q

which lines of defense are non specific

A

barriers and inflammatory response

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36
Q

what line of defense is specific

A

immune response such as lymphocytes and antibodies

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37
Q

where are the components of inflammatory responses found

A
  • circulating blood cells and plasma proteins
  • cells of the blood vessel walls
  • cells and proteins of the ECM
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38
Q

most of the defensive elements are located in ____

A

the blood

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39
Q

inflammation is the means by which _____ leave the _____ and enter _____

A

defensive cells and chemicals; blood; tissue

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40
Q

what are the inflammatory responses to injury

A
  • vascular responses
    -cellular responses
  • systemic reactions
    -repair
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41
Q

inflammation is ____. excess or prolonged inflammation may be _____.

A

beneficial; harmful

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42
Q

what is the defensive cells

A

leukocytes

43
Q

what is the defensive proteins

A

plasma

44
Q

what are the 5 R’s of the inflammatory response

A
  • recognition of the injurious agent
  • recruitment of leukocytes
  • removal of the agent
  • regulation of the response
  • resolution
45
Q

what are the causes of acute inflammation

A
  • mechanical injury
  • chemical injury
  • radiation injury
  • thermal injury
  • infection
  • compromise of blood supply
  • immune injury
46
Q

what are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A
  • calor- heat
    = rubor- redness
  • tumor - swelling
  • dolor- pain
  • loss of function
47
Q

what are the cellular events in acute inflammation

A
  • margination
  • rolling
  • adhesion
  • diapedesis
  • chemotaxis
  • phagocytosis
  • killing
48
Q

how is microbial killing done by leukocytes

A

opsonins attach to the invader and signal leukocytes to phagocytose

49
Q

what are the systemic manifestations of acute inflammation

A
  • fever: due to pyrogens
  • leukocytosis
  • acute phase response
50
Q

what causes fever

A
  • cytokines: TNF, IL-1 released by leukocytes
  • prostaglandins from membrane phospholipids
51
Q

what causes leukocytosis

A
  • leukemoid reaction
  • neutrophilia
  • lymphocytosis
52
Q

what is the acute phase response

A

cytokines stimulate hepatocytes to sythnthesize and secrete acute phase proteins

53
Q

what are the elements of the acute phase response and what do they act as

A
  • C- reactice protein (CRP)
  • mannose binding lectin
  • both act as an opsonin
54
Q

what happens in lymphangitis and when is it seen

A
  • seen with lymphatic spread of bacterial infection
  • painful red streaks and regional lymphadenopathy
55
Q

where is histamine stored

A

mast cells

56
Q

where is serotonin stored

A

platelets

57
Q

what are the first mediators to be released after injury and what do they cause

A

histamine and serotonin
- vascular dilation and leakage

58
Q

what are the outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  • complete resolution
  • healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis)
  • progression of the response to chronic inflammation
59
Q

what is an abscess

A

a localized collection of pus that has accumulated in a tissue cavity, producing fluctuance

60
Q

what is cellulitis

A

diffuse spread of an acute inflammatory process through the fascial planes of soft tissue producing erythema, edema, warmth, and pain, without consolidation

61
Q

what is catarrhal (seromucous) inflammation

A

a clinical type of exudative inflammation occurs only on mucosal surfaces containing mucus secreting cells, such as nasal or bronchial mucosa

62
Q

what type of immunity is affected in neutrophil defects

A

humoral

63
Q

what diseases stem from too few neutrophils

A
  • granulocytosis
  • cyclic neutropenia
64
Q

what diseasess stem from failure in adhesion of neutrophils

A

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

65
Q

what diseases stem from slow chemotaxis

A

lazy leukocyte syndrome

66
Q

what disease stem from failure to phagocytose

A
  • bruton’s a gamma globulinemia
  • complement deficiency
  • hyper IgM syndrome
67
Q

what diseases stem from failure to kill by neutrophils

A
  • chronic granulomatous disease of childhood
  • chediak higashi syndrome
  • myeloperoxidase deficiency
68
Q

what is chediak higashi syndrom

A

a rare autosomal recessive condition associated with albinism
- giant lysosomal inclusions from fused primary granules
- both chemotaxis and phagolysosome formation are defective
- recurrent infections
- platelet function is abnormal

69
Q

what is chronic granulomatous disease of childhood

A
  • X linked (2/3) or autosomal (1/3) recessive
  • deficient NADPH oxidase in the cell membranes of neutrophils and monocytes, resulting in an absent respiratory burst
  • no H2O2 produced- HOcl- is not synthesized because of absense of H2O2
  • catalase negative organisms are killed like strep
  • catalase positive organisms like staph are not killed
70
Q

what is myeloperoxidase deficiency

A
  • a common autosomal recessive absence of myeloperoxidase enzyme in neutrophil and monocyte granules
  • respiratory burst is normal and H2O2 is produced
  • absense of MPO prevetns sythesis of HOCl-
  • no great clinical consequences
  • diabetics may develop candidiasis
71
Q

what are causes of chronic inflammation

A
  • persistent infection: mycobacteria
  • prolonged exposure to toxic agents
  • exogenous: silicosis
  • endogenous: atherosclerosis
  • immune mediated inflammatory disease
  • autoimmune diseases: RA
  • unregulated immune responses against microbes- inflammatory bowel disease
  • immune reponses against environmental substances - bronchial asthma
72
Q

what are the morphologic features of chronic inflammation

A

-mononuclear cell infiltration - lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
- tissue destruction: due to persistent offending agent or by the inflammatory cells
- attempts at healing by CT replacement - angiogenesis and fibrosis

73
Q

what are the types of granulomatous inflammation

A

immune granulomas
- foreign body granulomas

74
Q

what is granulomatous inflammation

A

a pattern of chronic inflammation
- aggregated of epithelioid macrophages
- multinucelated giant cells
- mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells peripherally
- fibrosis variabel

75
Q

what does mycobacterium do

A

blocks fusion of phagosome with lysozome

76
Q

what is granulation tissue

A

reparative tissue
endothelial cells and fibroblasts

77
Q

what is granulomatous tissue

A

epithelioid macrophages
- giant cells

78
Q

what is repair

A

restoration of tisse architecture and function after an injury

79
Q

how can repair occur

A

by regeneration or healing (scar formation)

80
Q

what is regeneration

A

growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures

81
Q

what is healing

A

consists of variable proportions of two distinct processes- regeneration and scarring

82
Q

what are the cell classifications for regeneration

A
  • continuously dividing tissues: labile
  • stable tissues: quiescent
  • permanent tissues: non dividing
83
Q

what are labile cells derived from

A

the division of stem cells

84
Q

what are examples of labile cells

A
  • hematopoietic cells
  • surface epithelium
  • stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina and cervix
  • GI epithelium
85
Q

what most common forms of cancer arise from labile tissues

A
  • epidermis- skin cancer
  • bronchial mucosa - lung cnacer
  • oral mucosa - oral cancer
  • cervical mucosa - cervical cancer
  • hematopoietic tissue - leukemias
86
Q

what is replacement carried out by in quiescent cells

A

mitotic division of mature cells

87
Q

what are examples of quiescent tissues

A
  • viscera- kidney and pancreas
  • endothelial cells
  • fibroblasts
  • smooth muscle cels
88
Q

malignant tumors of stable tissues are among the ____ forms of cancer

A

rarer

89
Q

when were permanent cells generated

A

during fetal life and never divide in postnatal life

90
Q

what are examples of permanent cells

A

neurons and cardiac myocytes

91
Q

in permanent issues repair is dominated by _____

A

scar formation

92
Q

fibrosis occurs if:

A
  • the tissue si intrinsically unable to regenerate - heart or brain
  • the underlying connective tissue scaffolding is disrupted
  • following extensive exudates
93
Q

what are the objectives of wound healing

A
  • epithelial regeneration: restore integrity of the epithelial surface
  • connective tissue repair: restore the tensile strength of the sub- epithelial tissue
94
Q

what is healing by primary intention

A

occurs when the wound margins are pulled together

95
Q

all wound healing involves an _______ even in the absence of _____

A

inflammatory reaction; infection

96
Q

what is healing by secondary intention

A

when the wound margins are not pulled together

97
Q

what is granulation tissue made of

A
  • endothelial cells
  • fibroblasts
  • myofibroblasts
98
Q

what is a hypertrophic scar

A

excessive scar formation within the boundaries of the original wound producing a raised scar

99
Q

what is a keloid

A

excessive scar formation that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound

100
Q

what population of people are prone to keloids

A

african americans

101
Q

what is vitamin C required for

A

hydroxylation of proline and lysine

102
Q

what is the disease of too little vitamin C

A

scurvy

103
Q
A

Pathology I (24 decks)

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