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Essentials of clinical lab > Intro to Immunohematology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunohematology Flashcards

1
Q

Blood banking

A

collecting, storing, and processing blood. Plus distribution of red blood cells and blood components

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2
Q

Immunohematology

A

-academic knowledge and procedures involving the study of immunological response to blood components

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3
Q

Transfusion medicine

A

-The medical practice and techniques associated with procurement, processing, and distributing blood or blood components to patients

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4
Q

Why do we do transfusion therapy?

A
  1. Inadequate oxygen-carrying compacity because of anemia or blood loss
  2. Insufficient coagulation proteins or platelets to provide adequate homeostasis
    * In rare cases they can do transfusions of granulocytes (WBCs)
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5
Q

Antibody

A

-also called immunoglobulin
-is a protein substance found in plasma or other body fluids that is formed as a result of antigenic stimulation and is specific for antigens against which it is formed

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6
Q

Antigen

A

-A foreign substance that can cause an immune response and formation of corresponding antibodies.
-they are generally but not always found on the red cell membrane

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7
Q

Gene

A

a unit of inheritance on a chromosome and made up of DNA

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8
Q

allele

A

different forms of a gene

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles

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10
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles

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11
Q

locus

A

-the specific physical location of a gene or other DNA sequence on a chromosome

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12
Q

codominance

A

-the two inherited genes are both expressed and neither is dominant over the other

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13
Q

genotype

A

-the actual total genetic makeup of an individual

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14
Q

phenotype

A

-the outward expression of genes (observable traits)

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15
Q

Immunology is responsible for

A

the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for
1. Recognition and disposal of nonself substances
2. Response and interactions of body components and related interactions
3. how the immune system can be manipulated to protect against or treat disease

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16
Q

in vivo

A

-Living inside the body

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17
Q

in vitro

A

-Outside the living body, such as a lab setting on a slide or in a test tube

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18
Q

What are the five different immunoglobulin classes?

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgM
  3. IgD
  4. IgA
  5. IgE
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19
Q

Fab region

A

-antigen binding region

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20
Q

Fc region

A

-complement binding region

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of an IgG antibody?

A
  1. React best at 37 degrees
  2. capable of placental transfer
  3. able to bind complement
22
Q

What are the characteristics of an IgM antibody?

A
  1. Naturally occurring (ex: ABO antibodies)
  2. Pentameric configuration
  3. Unable to pass the placenta
  4. Able to bind complement more efficiently than IgG antibodies
  5. React best at room temp (22-24 degrees)
23
Q

Naturally occurring antibodies

A

-are antibodies formed in individuals who have never been previously exposed to RBC antigens by the following methods
1. transfusion
2. injection
3. pregnancy

24
Q

How are naturally occurring antibodies formed?

A
  1. Environmentally acquired
  2. Bacterial membranes
    Most of these antibodies are cold agglutins (ex: (IgM cold agglutinin, isoagglutinin, and antibodies against antigens of the Lewis, MN, and P blood group systems
25
Q

Isoagglutinins

A

-are the ABO antibodies; anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB

26
Q

Immune antibodies

A

-antibodies found in individuals who have been previously exposed to RBC antigens through either
1. transfusion
2. pregnancy
-Most immune antibodies are IgG antibodies
ex: antibodies against antigens in the Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Ss blood group systems

27
Q

What is complement?

A

-Group of proteins that have functions including antigen clearance and cell lysis
-circle in an inactive state (proenzymes)
-are activated in a cascade of events
-3 main pathways

28
Q

What is the function of the complement?

A
  1. cell lysis
  2. antigen clearance
29
Q

What are the three main complement pathways?

A
  1. classical
  2. alternative
  3. lectin
30
Q

Why is the complement system important in transfusion medicine?

A

-antibody-antigen binding can trigger complement and ultimately form the membrane attack complex, lysing red blood cells and resulting in hemolytic adverse transfusion reactions

31
Q

agglutination

A

precipitate antigens such as RBCs react with the specific antibodies and form visible clumping

31
Q

precipitation

A

-the formation of a visible complex as a result of antigen-antibody reaction between soluble antigen and its specific antibody

32
Q

What are the factors that can influence the amount of antigen-antibody binding?

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. incubation time
  4. antigen-antibody ratio
32
Q

hemagglutination

A

-a special name for the agglutination of red cells due to antigen-antibody reaction

32
Q

Prozone

A

-an excess of antibodies relative to the number of antigen sites
-can give a false negative reading

32
Q

hemolysis

A

-rupture/lysis of red cell membrane and release of hemoglobin from the red cell due to the activation of complement and the formation of the MAC caused by antigen-antibody binding
-clear, red solution with no cloudiness

33
Q

Sensitization

A

-first phase of agglutination where the antibody molecules physically attach to antigens on the red cell membrane

33
Q

Lattice formation

A

-the second phase of agglutination where the establishment of cross-links between sensitized particles and antibodies, which result in aggregation
-much slower than the sensitization phase

33
Q

Zone of equivalence

A

-optimal antigen-antibody binding ratio that is necessary for agglutination reaction to occur

34
Q

postzone

A

-concentration of antigen exceeds the number of antibodies present
-can give a false negative reaction

35
Q

incubation time

A

-allowing adequate time for the combo of antigen-antibody to attain equilibrium, enhances agglutinins reaction

36
Q

temperature

A

-Different antibodies need different optimum temperatures to reach equilibrium in an antigen-antibody reaction

37
Q

pH

A

-a pH of 7.0 is routinely used in the lab as it is similar to the pH of normal plasma/serum

38
Q

Immunoglobulin Type

A

-IgM is more efficient in agglutination reactions, and easily bridges the gap between 2 RBCs due to size and structure. More antibody sites

39
Q

centrifugation

A

-enhances agglutination and decreases reaction time by increasing gravitational forces on the reactants and bringing them closer together
-In sensitized RBCs to overcome natural repulsive effects

40
Q

Enhancement media

A

-IgM: agglutinins reaction accomplished in saline solution
-IgG: LISS (low ionic strength solution)

41
Q

LISS (Low ionic strength solution)

A

-reduces the zeta potential of RBC molecules
-Usage can increase antibody uptake during sensitization and decrease incubation time

42
Q

Anti A: Characteristics

A
  • Predominately class IgM, small amount IgG
    -The optimal temperature is room temp
    -efficiently activate complement at 37 degrees (True)
43
Q

Anti B: Characteristics

A

-Predominately class IgM, small amount IgG
- The optimal temperature is room temp
-efficiently activate complement at 37 degrees (True)

44
Q

Anti AB: Characteristics

A
  • Class IgG
    -The optimal temperature is room temp
  • effectively activates the complement at 37 degrees (true)

Essentials of clinical lab (9 decks)

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