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Cell Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Protons

A

Positive charged particles

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2
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral particles

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3
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charged particles

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4
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons
Same atomic number is same element

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5
Q

Atomic mass

A

Sum of protons and neutrons (1 Dalton)

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6
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles

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7
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged (more protons)

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8
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged (more electrons)

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9
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of a single element with different number of neutrons

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10
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Unstable and emit radiation as nucleus breaks up

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11
Q

Electron number and arrangement

A

Dictates chemical behavior of an atom

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12
Q

Bohr model

A

Electrons in discrete orbits

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13
Q

Electrons potential energy

A

Close to nucleus, less potential energy
Further from nucleus, more potential energy

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electron

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15
Q

Reduction

A

Gain an electron

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16
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain

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17
Q

Redox

A

Process of reduction and oxidation

18
Q

Valence electrons

A

Number of electrons in outermost energy level

19
Q

Inert elements (nonreactive)

A

Elements have all 8 electrons

20
Q

Octet rule

A

Atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels, those that are not filled are less reactive than those that are unfilled

21
Q

Organic molecules (96.3%of human body weight)

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

22
Q

Molecules

A

1 type of element. Groups of 2 or more atoms that are held together in stable association

23
Q

Compounds

A

Molecules containing more than 1 type of element

24
Q

Chemical bonds

A

How atoms are held together in molecules and compounds

25
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions. (Gain or loss of electrons forms ions)

26
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons. Strength determined by number of electrons shared.

27
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atom’s affinity for electrons

28
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Equal sharing of electrons. 50/50

29
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Unequal sharing of electrons.
One side slightly more negative (more of electrons) Other side slightly more positive.

30
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

Formation or breaking of chemical bonds
Temperature
Concentration of reactants and products
Availability of a catalyst (Enzymes - proteins or RNA)

31
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak individual attractions between the partially neg O of one water molecule and partially pos H of a different water molecule. O partially neg, H partially pos.Highly polar. Can be between water molecules or another charged molecule

32
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding. Weak individually but cumulative effects are strong.

33
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

34
Q

Solvent

A

Desolves molecules and ions

35
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

36
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing

37
Q

pH

A

Hydrogen ion (H+¹) is the basis of scale. Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Greater H+¹ concentration = Lower pH (acidic)
Lower H+¹ concentration = higher pH (basic)

38
Q

Acid

A

Chemical that releases H+¹ ions. Stronger an acid is the more hydrogen ions it produces and the lower its pH

39
Q

Base

A

Chemical that accepts H+¹ ions.

40
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that resists changes in pH (ex. water). Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added. Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

41
Q
A

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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