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cell biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Rate of diffusion in cell affected

A

Surface area available
Temperature
Concentration gradient (quantity of molecules inside and out)
Distance

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2
Q

Cell radius increases
Surface area increases
Volume increases

A

10 times
100 times
1000 times

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3
Q

Resolution

A

Minimum distance two points can be apart and still distinguished

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4
Q

Microscope types

A

Light- visible light 200 nm
Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) - 0.2 nm Through material
Scanning electron microscope- (SEM) 0.2 nm surface of specimen

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5
Q

All cells have

A

Nucleoid or nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Nucleoid or nucleus

A

Nucleoid (prokaryote) Nucleus (Eukaryote) Genetic info

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semifluid matrix of organelles and cytosol

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesize proteins

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Semi permeable barrier separating inside and outside

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10
Q

Types of chromosomes

A

(Prokaryote) Single circular chromosome (yarn like, not. a circle)
(Eukaryote) Multiple rod like chromosomes

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11
Q

Central Dogma of biology

A

DNA —> Transcription —> RNA —> translation —> Protein

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12
Q

Capsule

A

S layer- solid layer of carbs or slimy (glycocarics)

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13
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan (pep-tido-gly-can)
Protection
Maintain cell shape
Prevents excessive H2O uptake

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14
Q

Flagella and 4 types

A

Monotrichous- single
Amphitrichous - two: one on each end
Lophotrichous - multiple coming off one end
Peritrichous - multiple flagella on all sides of cell

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15
Q

Pili

A

hairs on outside for movement or attachment

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16
Q

Archaea attributes and 4 main differences from bacteria

A

many are Extremophiles
1 chemical structure of plasma membrane (tails connect in phospholipid bilayer)
2 Cell wall, when present, lacks peptidoglycan
3 DNA replication more similar to eukaryotes
4 Protein production more similar to eukaryote

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17
Q

Compartmentalization

A

membrane bound organelles- goal is to make chemical reactions more favorable with smaller compartments

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17
Q

Cytoskelton

A

support and cell structure

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18
Q

Cytoplasm Components

A

Cytosol + Organelles (both euk and prokaryotes)

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19
Q

Cytosol

A

Region outside of organelles

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20
Q

Membrane-bound organelles

A

Nucleus and endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles)

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21
Q

Semi autonomous organelles

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

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22
Q

Nuclear envelope (membrane)

A

2 phospholipid bilayers
Nuclear pores

23
Q

Nucleolus

A

region where ribosomes synthesis/assembly takes place

24
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA plus associated histone proteins (wrapped to make smaller)

25
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Large subunit and small subunit clamp to mRNA to direct protein synthesis

26
Q

rRna
mRNA
tRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
messenger RNA
transfer RNA

27
Q

Rough ER

A

Synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane, ribosomes attach to membrane

28
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Internal membranes throughout cytoplasm. Cell material flows through system, proteins and lipids synthesized, modified, and transported
ER smooth and rough
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

29
Q

Smooth ER

A

Makes lipids, stores calcium, detoxification

30
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Package and distributed molecules (Proteins, lipids)

31
Q

Cis vs trans face of Golgi

A

Cis faces ER
Trans faces away from ER

32
Q

Vesicles

A

transport molecules to destination from Golgi

33
Q

Transport vs Secretory vesicles

A
34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Taking in forgien matter or bacteria

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bounded digestive vesicles
Come from Golgi apparatus
Have enzymes in lysosomes to breakdown macromolecules and phagocytosis

36
Q

Vacuoles and types

A

(Plant cells, not animals) Membrane-bounded structure in plants
1 Central Vacuole - plant cells
2 Contractile vacuole - some fungi and protists - gets rid of water
3 Storage vacuoles

37
Q

Central Vacuole and Turgor pressure

A

Water storage helps keep cell size and keeps plant from shrinking
Turgor pressure - Holding of water and plant shape

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Used for cell respiration (Energy, ATP, breaking bonds to create energy).
Bound by 2 membranes
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane (has cristae [folds]) - has proteins that carry out oxidative metabolism
Matrix (inside inner membrane)
Have their own DNA (singular circular chromosomes) ribosomes, and division

39
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles in plants and some eukaryotes. Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
2 membranes
Thylakoids - membrane sacs within the inner membrane. Grana - stacks of multiple thylakoids
Stroma - fluid matrix inside chloroplast
Own DNA (singular circular) own replication DNA and ribsomes

40
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Proposes that some eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis of two free living cells
One prokaryote engulfed another and became part of cell

41
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Support shape, keep organelles in fixed locations, Dynamic system (constantly forming and disassembling)

42
Q

3 types of Cytoskeleton fibers

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

43
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest type Ex. Actin
Two protein chains loosely twined together
Movement like contraction, crawling, pinching. (Grab or release to move by pulling) String of pearls

44
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest type. Dimers of alpha and beta tubulin subunits. Facilitate movement of cell and materials within cell. (Grab onto and move)

45
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Mid size. Very stable usually not broken down. Ex. Keratin (fingernails, hair, hooves)

46
Q

Centrosomes

A

Packets where microtubules form perpendicular centrioles. Organize microtubules for cell division. (not all cells. almost all animal cells)

47
Q

Flagella and Cilia (eukaryote)

A

9+2 arrangement of microtubules

48
Q

Eukaryotic cell walls

A

Plant (2 walls) and protists- cellulose
Fungi-chitin
Animals- lack cell wall

49
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Secrete mixture of glycoproteins
Collagen may be abundant
Form protective layer over cell surface
Integrins link ECM to cell’s cytoskeleton (influences cell behavior)

50
Q

Cell to cell interaction

A

Glycolipids - tissue specific cell surface marker
MHC protein - recognize self and nonself cells by the immune system

51
Q

Tight junction

A

Connect the plasma membrane of adjacent cells in a sheet. No leakage

52
Q

Anchoring junction

A

Mechanically attaches cytoskeleton of neighbor cells (desmosomes)

53
Q

Communicating junction

A

Chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to adjacent cell
Animal=Gap junction
Plant=plasmodesmata

54
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Special opening in cell walls where cytoplasm are connected with central tubule

55
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Microbodies that contain enzymes used to oxidize fatty acids.

cell biology (12 decks)

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