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cell biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes

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2
Q

Energy and 2 states

A

Capacity to do work
1 Kinetic
2 Potential

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3
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion (Breaking a bond)

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4
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy (form of a bond)

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5
Q

Calorie = calorie

A

Calorie is Kilocalorie
1 Kilocalorie = 1000 calories

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6
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism
Metabolism = anabolic + catabolic

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7
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Use energy to build up molecules (Build monomers into polymers)

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8
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Release energy by breaking down molecules. Breaking down polymers to make monomers. (starvation = breakdown of muscle)

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9
Q

Source of energy on earth

A

Energy flows into biological world from the sun

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10
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Capture energy (anabolism) and store as potential energy as sugars

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11
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only change from one form to another. Total amount of energy in universe remains constant

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12
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing. Energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stable form to a more unstable form

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13
Q

G=
H=
T=
S=

A

G= energy available to do work
H= Enthalpy, energy in a molecule’s chemical bond (Potential energy)
T= Absolute temperature
S= entropy, unavailable energy (disorder)
G = H - TS

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14
Q

Positive ΔG

A

Products have more free energy than reactants.
Endergonic and Anabolic
Requires input of energy
Monomers to polymers

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15
Q

ΔG =

A

Change in free energy
ΔH - TS

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16
Q

Negative ΔG

A

Products have less free energy than reactants (less bonds)
Exergonic and Catabolic
Release excess free energy, spontaneous (But could be slow)
Breaking things, breaking bonds

17
Q

Activation Energy (Ea)

A

Extra energy required to destabilize an existing bond and initiate a chemical reaction

18
Q

Increase Ea rate 2 ways

A

Increasing energy of reacting molecules (Heat)
Lowering activation energy

19
Q

Catalyst

A

Substances that influence chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energy
Makes reaction proceed faster
Not used up in process
Cannot violate laws of thermodynamics (Endergonic cannot be spontaneous)

20
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological Catalysts. Work by lowering activation energy.
Mostly proteins. Some RNA called ribozymes

21
Q

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

A

Chief currency of the cell
Composed of: Ribose - 5 carbon sugar, Adenine, chain of 3 phosphate groups. Made and used immediately. Travels to where it is needed.

22
Q

ATP, ADP, AMP

A

Chain of phosphates key to energy storage because bonds are unstable and weak.
Nucleic acid (nucleotide) sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate
ATP 3 phosphate
ADP 2 phosphate
AMP 1 phosphate

23
Q

ATP Hydrolysis drives

A

Endergonic reactions.

24
Q

Coupled reactions of ATP

A

Energy released by ATP is used immediately by cell for an energy requiring function (Endergonic).

25
Q

Substrate

A

substance on which the enzyme acts.

26
Q

Active Site

A

Pockets or clefts for substrates binding.

27
Q

Enzyme and substrate bind forms

A

Enzyme-substrate complex (tertiary structure). Applies stress to distort particular bonds to lower activation energy. Induced fit/ perfect fit
E + S = ES = E + P

28
Q

Coenzymes

A

When the cofactor is a nonprotein organic molecule. Modified nucleotides are also used. Ex vitamins

29
Q

Cofactors

A

These can be metal ions that are often found in the active site participating directly in catalysis

30
Q

Inhibitor

A

Substances that bind to enzyme and decreases its activity

31
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Competes with substrate for active site

32
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

Binds to enzyme at a site other than active site (Allosteric site). Causes shape change that makes enzyme unable to bind to substrate

33
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

Enzymes exist in active and inactive forms

34
Q

Allosteric inhibitor

A

Binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity

35
Q

Allosteric activator

A

Binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity

36
Q

Metabolic Pathway or Biochemical Pathway

A

Chemical reactions that create/store or produce other chemical products for daily function. Reaction occur in a sequence. Product of one reaction is substrate for the next reaction

37
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

Metabolic pathways compete for resources. Limits extent of competition. Reaction product or by-product binds to allosteric site of enzyme involved in initial stages.
Concentrated product = pathway shut off

cell biology (12 decks)

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