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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Cardiovascular and Vessels > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Pericardial Layers?

A
  1. Visceral
  2. Parietal
  3. Fibrous
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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of pericardial layers?

A
  1. Protects and anchors
  2. Prevents overfilling
  3. Creates a relatively friction free environment
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3
Q

What pericardial layer is closest to the heart?

A

Visceral layer

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4
Q

What pericardial layer is in the middle?

A

Parietal layer

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5
Q

What pericardial layer is the outermost?

A

Fibrous layer

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6
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart

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7
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface. Thin, smooth tissue that makes up the lining of the chambers and valves of the heart

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8
Q

What is the order of flow for Pulmonary Circulation, beginning with the Right Atrium?

A

1.Right atrium
2. Right AV valve (tricuspid)
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Right and left pulmonary arteries
7. Pulmonary capillaries
8. Right and left pulmonary veins
9. Left atrium

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9
Q

What is the order of flow for Systemic Circulation, beginning with the Left Atrium?

A
  1. Left atrium
  2. Bicuspid valve (mitral)
  3. Left ventricle
  4. Aortic semilunar valve
  5. Aorta
  6. Systemic arteries
  7. Systemic capillaries
  8. Systemic veins
  9. Right atrium
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10
Q

What are the two distinct circulations?

A

Systemic and Pulmonary

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11
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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12
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Permit exchange

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13
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood to the heart

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14
Q

What is Coronary Circulation?

A

The functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

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15
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs on myocardial cells?

A

They anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions

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16
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Mechanically join cells with protein filaments

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17
Q

What is the function of Gap Junctions?

A

To electrically join cells (allow ion flow) to make each heart chamber a functional unit (functional syncytium)

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18
Q

Define the cardiac cycle.

A

The beginning of one beat until the beginning of the next beat, and everything that happens in between

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19
Q

What is systole?

A

Pumping/contraction

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19
Q

What is diastole?

A

Rest

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20
Q

What are the two basic types of cells in heart tissue?

A

Autorhythmic cells and muscle cells

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21
Q

What is the job of autorhythmic cells?

A

Their job is to just set the pace

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22
Q

What is the job of muscle cells?

A

They respond to the autorhythmic cells and contract.

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23
Q

What is the function of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node?

A

Pacemaker

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24
Q

What is the sequence of current flow through the heart wall (five steps)?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Pukinje fibers
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25
Q

Describe in detail the Electrical Control of Contraction (5 steps)

A
  1. SA node activity and atrial activation begin
  2. Stimulus spreads across the atrial surfaces and reaches the AV node
  3. There is a 100 millisecond delay at the AV node. Atrial contraction begins
  4. The impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the purkinje fibers and via the moderator band, to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle
  5. The impulse is distributed by purkinje fibers and relates throughout the ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed and ventricular contraction begins.
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26
Q

What pace (in bpm’s) does the SA node set?

A

100 bpm

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27
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

When the SA node fires and electrical signals spread throughout the atria, causing them to depolarize

28
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

The AV node firing and the ventricular depolarization

29
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular relaxation (diastole)

30
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output?

A

CO = HR * SV

31
Q

What is the equation for Stroke Volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

32
Q

What is SV?

A

How many milliliters per beat are ejected from the heart

33
Q

What are the 2 biggest factors in stroke volume?

A

Rate and contractility

34
Q

What do chronotropic agents affect?

A

HEART RATE

35
Q

What do inotropic agents affect?

A

STROKE VOLUME

36
Q

What is a positive chronotropic agent (what does it do to the heart rate and what NS causes it?)

A

Anything that increases HR, sympathetic NS

37
Q

What is a negative chronotropic agent (what does it do to the heart rate and what NS causes it?)

A

Anything that decrease HR, parasympathetic NS

38
Q

What affect would calcium channel blockers have on cardiac output?

A

Less calcium means weaker contractions which decrease SV, therefore decreasing CO

39
Q

What is preload?

A

Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole

40
Q

What is the affect of increased preload?

A

Increase in stroke volume. More blood returning to the heart gives you a greater squeeze (contraction)

41
Q

What is the affect of decreased preload?

A

Decrease of contractility

42
Q

What is afterload?

A

The back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart, resistance to opening semilunar valves.

43
Q

What is the affect of an increase in afterload?

A

Decrease in SV

44
Q

What do all events start with?

A

The SA node

45
Q

What word is used to describe agents that affect heart rate (HR)?

A

Chronotropic agents

46
Q

What is the role of Ca++ in nodal cell depolarization?

A

Fast rapid depolarization initiates the action potential

47
Q

What is the role of Ca++ in cardiac muscle depolarization?

A

Slow moving while K+ moving out allows the plateau

48
Q

The plateau phase of cardiac muscle contraction has two major impacts on heart function, what are they?

A

Allowing relaxation between beats and avoid tetany and fatigue

49
Q

What do the lub dup sounds indicate?

A

The sound comes from the valves shutting

50
Q

What does the first lub sound indicate?

A

The mitral and tricuspid valves closing

51
Q

What does the second dub sound indicate?

A

The aortic and pulmonary valves closing

52
Q

What agents can affect CO?

A

Chronotropic and inotropic agents

53
Q

What happens to Cardiac Output due to exercise?

A

Exercising means we increase ATP demand, need more oxygen and glucose, so we will increase HR to increase CO to get more of those resources to the tissue.
As the demand increases for oxygen and glucose, we’re going to first increase sympathetic nervous system output which is what will increase the HR, which increases CO.

54
Q

What happens if someone has a heart attack (infarct)?

A

We will see damage to the myocardium, decreases contractility which is a decrease in SV which means a decrease in CO. When we can’t meet CO demand, cells will necrose (die).

55
Q

What happens at the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization; occurs just prior to atrial contraction

56
Q

What happens at the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular contraction

57
Q

What happens at the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation

58
Q

What is the average blood pressure?

A

120/80

59
Q

What are precapillary sphincters? Why are they so important?

A

-precapillary sphincters: smooth muscle surrounding capillary when it branches off arteriole or metarteriole
-Capillary blood flow regulated mainly by precapillary sphincters.

60
Q

How does blood pressure differ in arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins?

A

-Blood pressure decreases as distance from left ventricle increase.

61
Q

What is perfusion?

A

the idea of getting the right amount of blood to the tissues at the right time

62
Q

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

63
Q

Tunica intima

A

innermost layer
* Endothelial cells, connective tissue with elastic fibers
In arteries, internal elastic membrane

64
Q

Tunica media

A

middle layer
* Contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle
Capable of vasoconstriction or vasodilation
* Collagen fibers connect tunica media to other layers

65
Q

Tunica externa

A

outermost layer
* Connective tissue sheath with collagen and elastic fibers
* Generally thicker in veins
* Anchor vessel to surrounding tissues

66
Q

What are the 5 general blood vessel classes?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries venules, and veins

67
Q

The higher the blood resistance, the ______ the blood flow

A

Lower

68
Q
A

Human Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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