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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Blood Unit > Flashcards

Blood Unit Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A
  • Distribution
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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2
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste.

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3
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

The percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume

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4
Q

How long do RBCs circulate in the body?

A

About 120 days.

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5
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body. AKA RBCs

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6
Q

What is Hemoglobin made of?

A

It’s made of the protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group

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7
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell formation.

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8
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Hematopoiesis occurs in the axial skeleton and girdles, and epiphyses of the humerus femur.

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9
Q

What are the 3 phases in the production of erythrocytes?

A

Phase 1 is ribosome synthesis
Phase 2 is hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3 is ejection of nucleus

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10
Q

What happens during ribosome synthesis?

A

Starts making a bunch of ribosomes (ribosomes make protein)

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11
Q

What happens during hemoglobin accumulation?

A

Makes hemoglobin, then gets rid of the extra crap

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12
Q

What happens during the ejection of the nucleus?

A

Develops into true red blood cells, just carry oxygen

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13
Q

What happens to old erythrocytes?

A

They are phagocytized in the spleen or liver

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14
Q

What is anemia?

A

Blood that has abnormally low oxygen

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15
Q

What are 3 potential causes for anemia?

A

Insufficient RBCs
Decreased Hb content
Abnormal Hb

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16
Q

What are thalassemias?

A

Absent or faulty globin chain in hemoglobin

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17
Q

What are sickle-cell anemia?

A

Results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal Hb called hemoglobin S (HbS)

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18
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Immature red blood cells that circulate for about a day before maturing

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19
Q

What are polycythemia?

A

Excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity.

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20
Q

What are the 2 leukocyte types?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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21
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer involving white blood cells

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22
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

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23
Q

What is the stem cell for platelets?

A

Hemocytoblasts

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24
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

A series of reactions designed for stoppage of bleeding

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25
Q

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?

A
  1. Constriction via vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
26
Q

Platelets stick to collagen - T or F?

A

True!

27
Q

What initiates intrinsic pathways?

A

Initiated by platelets upon damage to inside of vessel wall. 5 steps

28
Q

What initiates extrinsic pathways?

A

Initiated by damage outside of vessel. 2 steps

29
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

Stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strand.

30
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A clot that develops and persist in an unbroken blood vessel

31
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

32
Q

What term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

A

Transportation

33
Q

What color is oxygen-poor blood?

A

Dark red

34
Q

Blood is how many degrees higher or lower than body temperature?

A

1 degree higher, because of the friction of it moving.

35
Q

Is blood plasma slight basic or acidic?

A

Basic

36
Q

If pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of __________.

A

Protein

37
Q

The “buffy coat” in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of _______

A

Platelets and leuocytes

38
Q

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

A

Erythrocytes in the blood

39
Q

What percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood is plasma?

A

55%

40
Q

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma:

A

Electrolytes

41
Q

What is an unhealthy effect of blood doping?

A

Increase in viscosity of the blood

42
Q

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed in what?

A

The myeloid line

43
Q

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

A

4

44
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

Leukocytes, also called T cells

45
Q

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to:

A

Collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor

46
Q

Dendritic cells of the skin are derived from:

A

Monocytes

47
Q

What are cytokines and what do they do?

A

They are proteins, and they act as chemical messengers

48
Q

Interferons are one of the classes of:

A

Cytokines

49
Q

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by:

A

Adaptive Immunity

50
Q

“Complement” refers to a group of:

A

Plasma proteins

51
Q

What does a virus-infected cell release to prevent spread of infection?

A

Interferon

52
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat, redness, loss of function, and swelling

53
Q

Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as:

A

CD4+ cells

54
Q

Does a red blood cell have a nucleus?

A

No

55
Q

How does hemoglobin work (how does it bond with oxygen)?

A

In each molecule of hemoglobin there are four iron atoms. Each iron atom binds with one molecule of oxygen. The iron in hemoglobin is what gives blood its red color.

56
Q

What is EPO?

A

(Erythropoietin) a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that travels through the kidney.

57
Q

What determines a person’s blood type?

A

Genes and antigens present

58
Q

Hemostasis is another way of saying:

A

Blood clotting

59
Q

What are the three steps to hemostasis?

A

Blood vessels constrict, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation (where fibrinogen act as a glue for platelets to stick)

60
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Clumping of blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen

Human Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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