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human anatomy & physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the esophagus have multiple layers of cells?

A

For protection against harsh foods

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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The smooth muscles in the small intestine that work like a marble in a hose, pinching it forward.
Also found in the esophagus to help food move through.

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3
Q

What is segmentation?

A

The smooth muscles in the small intestine pinch food back and forth to mix them up. This helps more if it come in contact with the surface for absorption.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of bile salts?

A

They are inserted to fat to prevent the fat all coming together. Lipids with bile salts attached are called micelles, which are something that we can absorb.

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5
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

To emuslify

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6
Q

What are three main functions of respiration?

A

Supply body with oxygen, move carbon dioxide outside, provide acid base buffering

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7
Q

Does exchange happen in conducting zones?

A

No!

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8
Q

What happens in respiratory zones?

A

Oxygen is moved into the blood.

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9
Q

What are the 5 steps of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport of respiratory gasses
  4. Internal respiration
  5. Cellular respiration
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10
Q

What happens during pulmonary ventilation?

A

Air moves in and out of the lungs

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11
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A

Gas exchange in lungs

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12
Q

What happens during transport of respiratory gases?

A

Gases in blood transported from lungs to body cells and back to lungs

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13
Q

What happens during internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gases at body capillaries and cells (O2 unload, CO2 load)

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14
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A

Use of oxygen by cells to produce energy (production of CO2)

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15
Q

If Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, what would intrapulmonary pressure be?

A

760 mmHg

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16
Q

At rest, what is the relationship between Ppulm and Pplur?

A

At rest, intrapulmonary pressure is always going to be greater than intrapleural pressure.

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17
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure and volume are inversely related
P1V1 = P2V2

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18
Q

What are the forces acting to make lungs collapse?

A

Elasticity and surface tension

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19
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between Ppulm and Pplur. Transpulmonary pressure keeps the lungs inflated, prevents them from collapsing

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20
Q

Explain how air moves into the lungs.

A

When we breathe we lower our diaphragm which increases volume in the lungs so pressure in lungs decreases. When this pressure decreases, air moves in the lungs until equilibrium.

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21
Q

Explain how air moves out of the lungs.

A

Diaphragm goes back up when we relax which decreases volume in the lungs which increases the pulmonary pressure. When Ppulm is greater than Patm, the air moves out.

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22
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

Flow = Change of pressure / Resistance

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23
Q

What is the difference between obstructive and restrictive disorders?

A

Anything that slows down air movement is obstructive disorder, like asthma
Anything that restricts movement is a restrictive disease

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24
Q

What is lung compliance? Give examples.

A

Lung compliance means how easily the lungs expand.
Lungs with a lot of scar tissue have low compliance
Too elastic lungs have too high compliance

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25
Q

What is carbon dioxide once it enters the blood?

A

Carbonic acid

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26
Q

Why do alveoli have thin walls?

A

Thin walls of alveoli allows for quick diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Alveoli are very small for higher surface volume.

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27
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

Anatomic dead space is the conducting zone that we have to move air in and out with, but it doesn’t actually do anything. About 150mL with each breath.

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28
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

Physiologic dead space is loss of exchange capacity due to pathology, like if you lose a lung or have a tumor taking up space.

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29
Q

What is the majority of oxygen in the blood bound to when transporting?

A

98.5% of the oxygen that is transported in the blood in bound to hemoglobin. Only 1.5% is dissolved into plasma.

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30
Q

How many oxygen atoms are bound to a single hemogloben?

A

4!

31
Q

Is oxygen binding the Hb a reversible process?

A

YES! If oxygen cannot fall off then it can’t do anything.

32
Q

What is Hb called when is has all four oxygen atoms bound to the heme?

A

Saturated Hb

33
Q

What is Hb called when only 1-3 oxygen atoms are attached to the hemes?

A

Partially saturated hemoglobin

34
Q

When blood circulates and leaves the lungs it is 100% saturated. Why would it be 60% when it returns?

A

If they are working out or have a need for more oxygen

35
Q

What are some factors that affect Hb saturation?

A

Temp, oxygen level, ph of the blood, CO2 content, BPG (waste product)

36
Q

When CO2 diffuses into bloodstream, what percent remains dissolved in plasma?

A

Only 7%

37
Q

What percent of CO2 diffused in the bloodstream diffuses into RBCs?

A

93% diffuses into RBCs

38
Q

After 93% of CO2 is diffused into the RBCs, what percent of that is carried as carbonic acid?

A

70%

39
Q

What happens to 23% of the CO2 that is diffused into RBCs?

A

23% binds to Hb, forming carbaminohemoglobin

40
Q

What does Dorsal Respiratory Group do?

A

Sends the signal to the diaphragm to contract

41
Q

What does Ventral Respiratory Group do?

A

Forced inspiration and expiration to help with deeper breathing

42
Q

What do Pons centers do?

A

Plays a role in smoothing the breathing system.

43
Q

What are the five basic processes to accomplish digestive system function?

A
  1. Mechanical processing and movement
  2. Secretion of fluid, digestive enzymes and hormones, and bile, acid, alkali, and mucus.
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Elimination
44
Q

What is the cephalic phase in the digestive system?

A

Sense- sound, sight, and smell

45
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

Common passageway for air and food

46
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Closes the airway temporarily so food will not enter the trachea

47
Q

What is chyme?

A

Chyme is a water mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is delivered to the small intestine

48
Q

Does the stomach absorb nutrients?

A

No!

49
Q

What percent of food is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

90%

50
Q

What is the muscle that helps hold food in the stomach at the top?

A

Cardiac sphincter

51
Q

What is the muscle that helps hold food in the stomach at the bottom?

A

Pyloric sphincter

52
Q

What does the pyloric muscle do?

A

It regulates chyme leaving the stomach

53
Q

What is the food you swallow called?

A

Bolus

54
Q

What is the slurry of food and acid in your stomach called?

A

Chyme

55
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretes bicarb which neutralizes the acid in chyme.

56
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that the pancreas secretes to aid in digestion?

A

Lipase- breaks down lipids
Protease- breaks down proteins
Amylase- breaks down carbs

57
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

Saliva and pancreas

58
Q

What do we add in the stomach to aid in breakdown?

A

Acid and pepsin

59
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Releases enzymes

60
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Insulin/glucagon, which are hormones

61
Q

What duct does bile go through immediately after exiting the liver?

A

Hepatic duct

62
Q

What duct leads from the liver to the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

63
Q

What duct releases bile down to the small intestine?

A

Common bile duct

64
Q

Is the pancreas a gland?

A

Yes because it can secrete

65
Q

Is the gallbladder a gland?

A

No because it doesn’t secrete, it is just a storage space for bile.

66
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

It brings back all nutrients to be processed in the liver before blood go back to the inferior vena cava.

67
Q

Is blood that enters the liver the same when exiting?

A

No, because it filters it a lot.

68
Q

What hormone is released from the stomach and what does it do?

A

Gastrin, signals the stomach to squeeze to begin digestion

69
Q

What are the two hormones from the duodenum?

A

Secretin and CCK

70
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Signals to release bicarb and slows down stomach contraction

71
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Sends a signal to the liver to secrete bile

72
Q

Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum

73
Q

Structurally, the human liver is divided into how many lobes?

A

4

human anatomy & physiology (13 decks)

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