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BIOL2202 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monoploid?

A

One copy of the genome

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2
Q

What is diploid?

A

Twi copies of the genome

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3
Q

What is haploid?

A

Number of chromosomes in sperm and egg

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4
Q

What is a prototrophs?

A

Bacteria that produce everything it needs to live

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5
Q

What is auxotroph?

A

Mutant bacteria that requires additional needs

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6
Q

How do bacteria swap DNA?

A

Transformation, conjugations, transduction and horizontal tranfer

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7
Q

What is transformation?

A

one bacterium takes up DNA expelled from a dead bacterium

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8
Q

What is conjugation?

A

direct transfer of a DNA strand from one bacterium to anotherWh

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9
Q

What is transduction?

A

virus transfers bacterial genes from one bacterium to another

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10
Q

What is horizontal transfer?

A

DNA is transferred between two different bacteria

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11
Q

How did they figure out transformation of DNA?

A

Deadly bacteria added to mice (kills mice, heat-killed added (alive), good bacteria added (alive) and then heatkilled bad and alive good (mouse died)

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12
Q

How did they determine that DNA was the cause of the swap?

A

Heatkilled and bacteria and DNAase and RNAase etc added together. To see what colonies grow.

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13
Q

How did they discover conjugation?

A

Two rich cultures, placed onto minimal medium, no growth. When incubated together, growth. DNA was swapped.

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14
Q

How does conjugation occur?

A

Homologous recombination

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15
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Have to infect living host

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16
Q

What is the life cycle of bacteriophage T4?

A

Injects DNA into cell, synthesis begins, replication begin and host cell degrades, tails , heads appear and then breaks out of cell.

17
Q

How was transduction discovered?

A

Two cultures were placed on minimal media, didn’t expect anything, some grew, transfer was unidirectional

18
Q

What is the difference between specialised and generalised transduction?

A

Generalised is caused by phage DNA and specialized is caused by DNA shared between bacteria that already had phage DNA.

19
Q

How to distinguish 3 parasexual using a u-tube?

A
20
Q

Difference between lytic and lysogenic?

A

Lytic creates many bacteriophage lambda which results in them being released into the cell, lysogenic bacteriophage lambda is incorporated into the cell DNA via site-specific recombination. They can switch any time.

21
Q

How does site-specific recombination work?

A

bacteriophage lambda breaks both DNA circular and straight bacteria creating an X, This results in the genes linking and X leaving.

22
Q

U-tube experiment: is cell contact required for transformation, conjugation or transduction?

A

No, yes, no

23
Q

U-tube experiment: is it sensitive to DNAase: transformation, conjugation or transduction?

A

yes, no, no

24
Q

How does bacteriophage lambda DNA remove itself from DNA to create circular DNA?

A

attBP genes line up, creating a loop still connected to the bacterial DNA, circular breaks off the create phages to infect other cells.

25
Q

How can bacteria DNA can be swapped via phages?q

A

When circular DNA is trying to remove itself, the loop can incorporate some DNA which can be incorporated in the next cell during site-specific recombination.

26
Q

What are the three types of transposition and how do they do it?

A

Cut and paste (self-explanatory), transposition (mRNA to DNA) replication (replicated and inseted into new spot)

27
Q

Can transposition occur in bacteria?

A

No

28
Q

What are the IS elements?

A

Terminal inverted repeats q

29
Q

How is DNA inserted during transposition?

A

DNA is cleaved, DNA inserted and filled creating duplicate of the target site.

30
Q

How can transposition near each other create drug resistance (composite transposition?

A

IS elements are near each other, DNA is moved and inserted/

31
Q

What are tn3 elements?

A

Larger than IS elements, multiple of them and create replicative transpose.

32
Q

What does conjugative R plasmid?

A

Create antibiotic resistance through conjugative transfer

BIOL2202 (6 decks)

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