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Anatomy and Physiology > Lesson 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The ____________ has something to do with the ____________

A

structure, function

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2
Q

grape like structure; space occupied by the air

A

alveoli

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3
Q

separation; it separates from the other environment; the one that keeps air separated from the rest

A

wall

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4
Q

spaces within an organism where there is the constant presence of air

A

air sac

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4
Q

Gas exchange happens in the lungs but specifically in the

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

smallest vessels

A

capillaries

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6
Q

tomy

A

process of cutting

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6
Q

ana

A

up

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6
Q

is the science of body structures and the relationships among them

A

Anatomy

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6
Q

Anatomy was first studied through

A

dissection

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7
Q
  • science of body functions
  • how the body parts work
A

Physiology

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8
Q
  • the only way to produce an embryo is the
A

fertilization process

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8
Q
  • the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
  • development of embryo
A

Embryology

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9
Q

the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.

A

Developmental Biology

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9
Q

study of cellular structures and functions

A

Cell Biology

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10
Q
  • microscopic structures of tissues
  • the study of tissues
A

Histology

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10
Q

structures that can be studied without a microscope

A

Gross anatomy

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11
Q

structure of specific systems of the body such as the Nervous System and Regulatory System

A

Systemic Anatomy

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11
Q

a medical examination of a deceased person’s body to determine the cause of death.

A

Autopsy

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11
Q

medical procedure that involves the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under microscope to diagnose a disease or condition.

A

Biopsy

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12
Q
  • specific regions such as the head or chest
A

Regional Anatomy

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13
Q

internal body structures that can be visualized

A

Imaging Anatomy

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13
Q
  • functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
A

Molecular Physiology

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13
Q
  • is the most accepted theory about life existence
  • organic compounds essential for life forms were synthesized in the primitive Earth under prebiotic conditions.
A

Primordial Soup

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13
Q
  • structural changes associated with disease
  • has something to do with disease
A

Pathological Anatomy

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13
Q

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitation.

A

Surface Anatomy

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13
Q
  • functional properties of nerve cells.
A

Neurophysiology

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14
Q
  • the body’s defenses against disease causing agents
A

Immunology

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14
Q

messengers that sends signals to another part of the body

A

hormones

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14
Q
  • hormones and how they control body functions
A

Endocrinology

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15
Q
  • functions of the heart and blood vessels
A

Cardiovascular Physiology

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16
Q
  • the body’s defenses against disease causing agents
A

Immunology

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16
Q
  • functions of air passageways and lungs
A

Respiratory Physiology

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16
Q

functions of the kidney

A

Renal Physiology

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16
Q

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

A

Exercise Physiology

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16
Q

functional changes associated with disease and aging

A

Pathophysiology

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17
Q

Levels of Structural Organizations and Body Systems

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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17
Q
  • basic level
  • can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest living unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions and molecules, two atoms joined together.
A

Chemical Level

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17
Q

the smallest living unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions

A

atoms

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18
Q

two atoms joined together

A

molecules

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19
Q

a substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio

A

compound

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19
Q

molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.

A

Cellular Level

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20
Q

are group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform particular functions.

A

tissues

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20
Q
  • Different types of tissues are joined together to form an
A

organ

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20
Q
  • Different types of tissues are joined together to form an organ.
  • is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.
A

Organ Level

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21
Q

is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

A

organ system

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22
Q
  • An organism is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
  • The human organism is a network of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another.
A

Organism Level

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23
Q

11 Major Organ Systems of the Body

A
  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Urinary System
  • Reproductive System
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23
Q

is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

A

organism

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23
Q

Basic Life Processes

A

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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23
Q
  • Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
A

Metabolism

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23
Q

throwing down

A

catabol

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23
Q

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

A

Catabolism

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24
Q

is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

A

Responsiveness

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24
Q
  • Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
A

Movement

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24
Q

ism

A

a condition

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24
Q

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

A

anabolism

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25
Q

anabol

A

raising up

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26
Q
  • An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
A

Growth

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27
Q
  • Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
A

Homeostatis

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27
Q
  • Such precursor cells, which can divide, and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as
A

stem cells

27
Q
  • Is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
A

Differentiation

27
Q

programmed cell death; the reason why the cells are dying

A

Apoptosis

27
Q

2 types of cells in the body

A

body cells and sex cells

27
Q

The formation of new cells occurs through

A

cell division

27
Q

are the cells in the body other than germ cells (sperm and egg cells).

A

body cells (somatic cells)

27
Q
  • (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or
  • (2) the production of a new individual
  • The formation of new cells occurs through cell division.
A

Reproduction

27
Q

other term for Circulatory System

A

Cardiovascular Physiology

27
Q

_____________ is focusing on the circulation of blood while _______________ is focusing on the structure of the heart and the blood vessels (vascular system).

A

circulatory, cardiovascular

27
Q

an organism’s reproductive cells. Capable of produce a new organism

A

germ cells/sex cells

27
Q

There will be a point in a cell’s life cycle that it knows what to do on its own.

A

Differentiation

27
Q

In humans, somatic cells are ______________

A

diploid

28
Q

contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

A

diploid

28
Q

an organism’s reproductive cells. Capable of produce a new organism

A

sex cells

28
Q

other name for body cells

A

somatic cells

28
Q

other name for sex cells

A

germ cells/gametes

28
Q

Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

A

Homeostasis

29
Q

refers to stability, balance or equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

29
Q

the body’s attempt to maintain a constant internal environment

A

the body’s attempt to maintain a constant internal environment

30
Q

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

A

homeostatic regulation

31
Q

In response to changing conditions, the body’s parameters can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life.

A

Homeostasis

32
Q

tend to increase the original disturbance
(stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value.

A

positive feedback

32
Q

action in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change

A

negative feedback

33
Q

too low temperature, metabolism ______________ and energy production is _____________

A

slows down, reduced

33
Q

action in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change

A

negative feedback

33
Q

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

A

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

33
Q

The process of individual development from a single cell, an egg cell or a zygote, to an adult organism

A

ontogeny

33
Q

too high temperature, metabolism is _____________ and enzymic activity is _______________

A

unbalanced, tampered

33
Q

Osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of the water balance

33
Q

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state

A

positive feedback

34
Q

Extracellular fluids

A

the fluids outside cells

34
Q

Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells walls as well as surrounding them.

A

Body Fluids

34
Q

the fluids within cells

A

Intracellular Fluids

34
Q

Body fluids are the _______ that help molecules travel to another portion of the body.

A

agents

34
Q

Extracellular Fluids

A

Interstitial Fluid, Blood Plasma, Lymph, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Synovial Fluid, Aqueous humor and vitreous body

35
Q

ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of the tissue.

A

Interstitial Fluid

35
Q

in and around the spinal cord; bathes the Central Nervous System.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

with lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

35
Q

fluid that flows through the lymphatic system

A

Lymph

35
Q

takes nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it

A

Blood plasma

35
Q

transports oxygen, hormones and nutrients to different parts of the body and removes metabolic waste from cells

A

Lymph

35
Q

ECF within blood vessels

A

Blood plasma

36
Q

in joints; reduces friction between articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement

A

Synovial Fluid

36
Q

ECF of the eyes

A

Aqueous humor and vitreous body

36
Q

of the body refers to the ECF (interstitial fluid and plasma) that surrounds the cell.

A

internal environment

36
Q

the largest internal organ

A

liver

36
Q

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury. It is the location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and oil glands

A

Integumentary System

36
Q
  • Provides protection
  • regulates temperature
  • prevents water loss
  • helps produce vitamin D
A

Integumentary System

36
Q
  • Provides protection and support
  • allows body movements
  • produces blood cells
  • stores minerals and adipose
A

Skeletal System

36
Q

largest organ of the body

A

skin

36
Q

– first person to illustrate the complete and correct human skeleton

A

Leonardo da Vinci

36
Q

the Integumentary System consists of?

A

skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

37
Q
  • Produces body movements
  • maintains posture
  • produces body heat
A

Muscular System

37
Q

Muscular System consists of?

A

muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

37
Q

The Skeletal System consists of?

A

bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

37
Q

Types of Neurons

A

Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent

37
Q

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.

A

Endocrine System

37
Q

Nervous System consists of?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

38
Q
  • A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
A

Nervous System

38
Q

Endocrine System consists of?

A

glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones

39
Q

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

A

Cardiovascular System

39
Q

plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.

A

Cardiovascular System

40
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.

A

Respiratory System

40
Q

Cardiovascular System concists of?

A

heart, blood vessels, and blood.

40
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrientsand elimination of wastes.

A

Digestive System

40
Q
  • Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
  • combats disease
  • maintains tissue fluid balance
  • absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
A

Lymphatic System

40
Q

Lymphatic System consists of?

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

41
Q

Respiratory System consists of?

A

Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

41
Q

Digestive System consists of?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

42
Q

Urinary System consists of?

A

kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

42
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.

A

Urinary System

42
Q

Female Reproductive System consists of?

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.

42
Q

produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors

A

Female Reproductive System

42
Q

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development

A

Female Reproductive System

43
Q

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

A

Male Reproductive System

44
Q

Male Reproductive System consists of?

A

testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

45
Q

Operation of a feedback system

A

1) the receptor, 2) the control center and 3) the effector

The receptor receives information that something in the environment is changing. The control center or integration center receives and processes information from the receptor and lastly, the effector responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus. This is an ongoing process that continually works to restore and maintain homeostasis.

46
Q

Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure by a negative feedback system

A

Blood vessels have sensors called baroreceptors that detect if blood pressure is too high or too low and send a signal to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then sends a message to the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys, which act as effectors in blood pressure regulation. If blood pressure is too high, the heart rate decreases as the blood vessels increase in diameter (vasodilation), while the kidneys retain less water. These changes would cause the blood pressure to return to its normal range. The process reverses when blood pressure decreases, causing blood vessels to constrict and the kidney to increase water retention.

47
Q

Positive feedback control of labor contractions during birth of a baby

A

The first contractions of labor (the stimulus) push the baby toward the cervix (the lowest part of the uterus). The cervix contains stretch-sensitive nerve cells that monitor the degree of stretching (the sensors). These nerve cells send messages to the brain, which in turn causes the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to release the hormone oxytocin into the bloodstream. Oxytocin causes stronger contractions of the smooth muscles in of the uterus (the effectors), pushing the baby further down the birth canal. This causes even greater stretching of the cervix. The cycle of stretching, oxytocin release, and increasingly more forceful contractions stops only when the baby is born. At this point, the stretching of the cervix halts, stopping the release of oxytocin.

48
Q

is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on

A

feedback system

49
Q

each monitored variable such as body temperature, blood, pressure, etc. is termed as

A

controlled condition (controlled variable)

50
Q

any disruption that changes a controlled condition is a

A

stimulus

51
Q

is a body structure that monitors changes in a contropled conditions and sends input to a control center

A

receptor

52
Q

information flows toward the control center

A

afferent pathway

53
Q

typically input is in the form of

A

nerve impulses or chemical signals

54
Q

sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained

A

control center

55
Q

output from the control center typically occurs as

A

nerve impulses or hormones or other chemical signals

56
Q

information flows away from the control centee

A

afferent pathway

57
Q

is a body structure that receives output from the control center

A

effector

58
Q

effector produces a _______ or effect that changes the controlled condition

A

response

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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