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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lecture > Flashcards

Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lecture Flashcards

1
Q
  • covers the entire body
  • has a surface area of 1.2 to 2.2 square meters
  • weighs 4–5 kg
  • about 7% of total body weight in the average adult
  • thickness - 1.5 to 4.0 millimeters
A

Skin

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2
Q

skin has a surface area of

A

1.2 to 2.2 square meters

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3
Q

skin weighs

A

4-5 kg

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4
Q

skin is about what percentage of total body weight in the average adult

A

7%

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5
Q

skin thickness is

A

1.5 to 4.0 millimeters

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6
Q

the skin protects deeper tissues from

A
  • Mechanical damage
  • Chemical damage
  • Bacterial damage
  • Thermal damage
  • Ultraviolet radiation
  • Desiccation
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7
Q

Functions of the skin

A
  • Protects deeper tissues from:
    - Mechanical damage
    - Chemical damage
    - Bacterial damage
    - Thermal damage
    - Ultraviolet radiation
    - Desiccation
  • Aids in heat regulation
  • Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
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8
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Dendritic cells
  4. Tactile cells
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8
Q

produce keratin, the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

A

Keratinocytes

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9
Q

the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

A

keratin

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10
Q

most epidermal cells are

A

Keratinocytes

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11
Q

keratinocytes arise from

A

stratum basale

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12
Q

undergo almost continuous mitosis in response to prompting by epidermal growth factor, a peptide produced by various cells throughout the body

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Millions of dead keratinocytes rub off every day, giving us a
totally new epidermis every

A

25 to 45 days

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14
Q

cell production and keratin formation is accelerated in body areas regularly subjected to _____________, such as the hands and feet

A

friction

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15
Q

cell production and keratin formation is accelerated in body areas regularly subjected to friction, such as the

A

hands and feet

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16
Q

the spidershaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

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17
Q

melanocytes accumulates in membrane-bound granules called

A

melanosomes

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18
Q

are transferred to nearby keratinocytes

A

melanin

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19
Q

accumulate on the superficial, or “sunny,” side of the keratinocyte nucleus, forming a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight

A

melanin granules

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20
Q

star-shaped cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

A

dendritic cells

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21
Q

dendritic cells are also called

A

Langerhans cells

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22
Q

ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system

A

dendritic cells

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23
Q

star-shaped dendritic cells arise from

A

bone marrow

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24
Q

present at the epidermal-dermal junction

A

Tactile (Merkel) cells

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25
Q

shaped like a spiky hemisphere

A

Tactile (Merkel) cells

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26
Q

each tactile cell is intimately associated with a

A

disc-like sensory nerve ending

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27
Q

functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

A

Tactile (Merkel) disc

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28
Q

Two distinct layers of the skin

A

Epidermis and dermis

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29
Q

made up of stratified squamous epithelium, hardened by keratin

A

Epidermis

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30
Q

making up the bulk of the skin, is a tough, leathery layer composed mostly of fibrous connective tissue, vascularized

A

Dermis

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31
Q

The subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin is known as the

A

hypodermis

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32
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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33
Q

deepest epidermal layer

A

Stratum basale

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34
Q

consists of a single row of stem cells—a continually renewing cell population

A

Stratum basale

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35
Q

a continually renewing cell population

A

stem cells

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36
Q

Each time one of these basal cells divides, one daughter cell is pushed into the cell layer just above to begin its specialization into a

A

mature keratinocyte

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37
Q

10-25% of cells in the stratum basale are

A

melanocytes

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38
Q

contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments, mainly
tension-resisting bundles of pre-keratin filaments, which span their cytosol to attach to desmosomes

A

Stratum spinosum

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39
Q

Scattered among the keratinocytes (in stratum spinosum) are

A

melanin granules and dendritic cells

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40
Q

consists of four to six cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically

A

Stratum granulosum

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41
Q
  • process of keratinization begins
  • Nutrient-poor layer
A

Stratum granulosum

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42
Q

Cells flatten, their nuclei and organelles begin to disintegrate

A

Stratum granulosum

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43
Q

stratum granulosum accumulates two types of granules:

A

keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules

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44
Q

help to form keratin in the upper layers (darkly stained)

A

keratohyaline granules

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45
Q

contain a waterresistant glycolipid that prevents water loss
across the epidermis

A

lamellar granules

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46
Q
  • visible only in thick skin
  • consists of two or three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries
A

Stratum lucidum

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47
Q

strong, flexible connective tissue

A

Dermis

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48
Q

Cells types in Dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells

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49
Q

Dermis has a rich supply of

A

supply of nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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50
Q

has a rich supply of nerve fibers, blood vessels, and
lymphatic vessels

A

Dermis

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51
Q

two layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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52
Q

peglike projections

A

Dermal papillae

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53
Q

contain capillary loops

A

Papillary layer

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54
Q

house free nerve endings (pain receptors) and touch receptors called tactile or Meissner corpuscles

A

Papillary layer

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55
Q

the papillary layer house free nerve endings (pain receptors) and touch receptors called

A

tactile or Meissner corpuscles

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56
Q

Dermal papillae lie atop larger mounds called

A

dermal ridges

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57
Q

Dermal papillae lie atop larger mounds called dermal ridges,
which in turn cause the overlying epidermis to form

A

epidermal ridges

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58
Q

These _______________ cause the overlying epidermis to fold into ridges on the fingers that are called fingerprints, which are unique to each individual.

A

dermal papillae

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59
Q

about 80% of the thickness of the dermis

A

reticular layer

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60
Q

coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue

A

reticular layer

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61
Q

orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis, and are
generally parallel to the orientation of the underlying
muscle fibers

A

Cleavage (tension) lines

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62
Q

are important to surgeons because when an incision is made parallel to these lines, the skin gapes less and heals
more readily.

A

Cleavage lines

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63
Q

dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures

A

Flexure line

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64
Q

Three pigments contribute to skin color:

A

Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin

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65
Q

Yellow, brown or black pigments; produced by melanocytes

A

melanin

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66
Q

pigments produced by melanin

A

Yellow, brown or black pigments;

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67
Q

Melanin production depends upon

A

genetic and exposure to sunlight

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68
Q

Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

A

carotene

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69
Q

Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries

A

Hemoglobin

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70
Q

determines the extent of red coloring

A

Oxygen content

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71
Q

Low oxygen content creates a bluish appearance

A

Cyanosis

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72
Q

Many alterations in skin color signal certain disease states or even emotional states:

A
  • Redness, or erythema
  • Pallor, or blanching
  • Jaundice or yellow cast
  • Bronzing
  • Black-and-blue marks, or bruises
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73
Q

embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

A

Redness, or erythema

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74
Q

fear, anger, and certain other types of emotional stress; may also signify anemia or low blood pressure.

A

Pallor, or blanching

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75
Q

usually signifies a liver disorder, in which yellow bile pigments accumulate in the blood and are deposited in body tissues

A

Jaundice or yellow cast

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76
Q

a sign of Addison’s disease; or a pituitary gland tumors that inappropriately secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Bronzing

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77
Q

hematomas

A

Black-and-blue marks, or bruises

78
Q

Skin appendages include:

A
  1. Hair and hair follicles
  2. Nails
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Sebaceous (oil) glands
79
Q

functions of hair and hair follicles:

A
  • sense insects on the skin before they bite or sting us
  • hair on the scalp guards head against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight.
  • eyelashes shield the eyes, and nose hairs filter large
    particles like lint and insects from the air we inhale
80
Q

Produced by the hair bulb

A

hair

81
Q

Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells

A

hair

82
Q
  • tougher and more durable
  • individual cells do not flake off
A

hair

83
Q

provide pigment for hair color

A

Melanocytes

84
Q

three layers of the hair shaft:

A

central medulla, cortex, cuticle

85
Q

consists of large cells and air spaces

A

central medulla

86
Q

the only part of the hair that contains soft keratin
(absent in fine hairs)

A

central medulla

87
Q

surrounds medulla and has several layers of flattened cells

A

cortex

88
Q
  • on outside of cortex
  • single layer of cells
  • overlapping one another like shingles on a roof
A

Cuticle

89
Q

the deep end of the follicle

A

hair bulb

90
Q

knot of sensory nerve endings wrapping
each hair bulb

A

hair follicle receptor, or root hair plexus

91
Q

contains a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to the growing hair and signals it to grow

A

hair papilla

92
Q

actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair

A

hair bulge

93
Q

pulls the hair follicle upright and dimples the skin surface to
produce goose bumps in response to cold temperatures or fear

A

arrector pili muscle

94
Q

3 Structures of a Hair

A

central medulla, cortex, cuticle

95
Q

Structure of a Hair Follicle

A
  • hair bulb
  • hair follicle receptor, or root hair plexus
  • hair papilla
  • hair bulge
  • arrector pili muscle
96
Q

Types and Growth of Hair

A

vellus hair and terminal hair

97
Q

pale, fine body hair of children and adult
females

A

vellus hair

98
Q

coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows and
scalp, also darker

A

terminal hair

99
Q

terminal hairs grow in response to the stimulating effects of

A

androgens

100
Q

phases of hair growth cycle

A

anagen (active growth phase), catagen (transition phase), telogen (resting phase)

101
Q

permanent hair removal can only occur during this active growth phase

A

anagen (3-10 years)

102
Q

club hair transitions upwards towards skin pore and dermal papilla begins to separate from follicle

A

catagen (2-3 weeks)

103
Q

dermal papilla fully separates from follicle

A

telogen (3-4 months)

104
Q

dermal papilla moves upwards to meet hair follicle once again and hair matrix begins to for new hair

A

return to anagen

105
Q

hair growth cycle

A
  1. permanent hair removal can only occur during this active growth phase
  2. club hair transitions upwards towards skin pore and dermal papilla begins to separate from follicle
  3. dermal papilla fully separates from follicle
  4. dermal papilla moves upwards to meet hair follicle once again and hair matrix begins to for new hair
106
Q

faster shedding of hair leading to hair thinning and some
degree of baldness

A

alopecia

107
Q

By age 35, noticeable hair loss occurs in _____ of men, and by age 60 that number jumps to _______

A

40%; 85%

108
Q

is a genetically determined, sex-influenced condition

A

Male pattern baldness

109
Q

a drug used to reduce high blood pressure, has the interesting side effect in some bald men (and balding women) of stimulating hair regrowth

A

Minoxidil (rogaine)

110
Q

factors affecting thinning of hair and baldness

A
  • acutely high fever
  • surgery
  • severe emotional trauma
  • certain drugs (excessive vitamin A, some antidepressants and blood thinners, anabolic steroids, and most chemotherapy drugs)
111
Q

_______________________________________ lead to hair thinning

A

Protein-deficient diets and lactation

112
Q

the immune system attacks the follicles and the hair
falls out in patches

A

alopecia areata

113
Q
  • scalelike modification of the epidermis
  • clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe
  • useful as “tools” to help pick up small objects or
    scratch an itch
A

Nails

114
Q

nails (like hairs) contain

A

hard keratin

115
Q

responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

116
Q

proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

A

Eponychium

117
Q

skin folds overlapping proximal and lateral borders of the nail

A

nail folds

118
Q

proximal nail fold projecting onto the nail body

A

cuticle or eponychium-

119
Q

free edge of the nail where dirt and debris tend to accumulate

A

Hyponychium

120
Q

yellow-tinged nails

A

may indicate a respiratory or thyroid gland disorder

121
Q

thickened yellow nails

A

may signal a fungus infection

122
Q

outward concavity of the nail

A

may signal an iron deficiency

123
Q

horizontal lines (Beau’s lines)

A

may hint of malnutrition

124
Q

Widely distributed in skin

A

Sweat glands

125
Q

two types of sweat glands

A
  • Eccrine and Apocrine
126
Q

eccrine glands are also called

A

merocrine sweat glands

127
Q
  • abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead
  • simple, coiled, tubular gland
A

Eccrine glands

128
Q

duct extends to open in a funnel shaped pore at the
skin surface

A

Eccrine glands

129
Q

a hypotonic filtrate of the blood that passes through the secretory cells of the sweat glands

A

sweat

130
Q
  • with some salts (mostly sodium chloride), vitamin C, antibodies, a microbe-killing peptide dubbed dermcidin
  • traces of metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, and ammonia)
A

sweat

131
Q

pH of sweat

A

between 4 and 6

132
Q

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system regulates

A

sweating

133
Q

sweat is released by

A

exocytosis

134
Q

largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas

A

Apocrine glands

135
Q

apocrine glands produces

A

sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins

136
Q
  • Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
  • Glands are activated at puberty
A

Apocrine glands

137
Q

activated by sympathetic nerve fibers during pain and stress

A

Apocrine glands

138
Q

Modified Apocrine Glands

A

Ceruminous glands and Mammary glands

139
Q

found in the lining of the external ear canal

A

Ceruminous glands

140
Q

Ceruminous glands secretion mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebaceous glands to form a sticky, bitter substance called

A

cerumen or earwax

141
Q

secrete milk

A

Mammary glands

142
Q
  • simple branched alveolar glands
  • found all over the body except in the thick skin of the palms and soles
A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

143
Q

sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called

A

sebum

144
Q

accumulated sebum blocks a sebaceous gland duct

A

Whitehead

145
Q

oxidized and dried whitehead (darkens)

A

Blackhead

146
Q

active inflammation of the sebaceous glands accompanied by “pimples” (pustules or cysts)

A

acne

147
Q

caused by bacterial infection, particularly by staphylococcus

A

acne

148
Q

acne is caused by bacterial infection, particularly by ___________________

A

staphylococcus

149
Q

overactive sebaceous glands can cause, sloughed off oily scales

A

Seborrhea

150
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Protection
    - Chemical Barrier
    - Physical Barriers
    - Biological Barriers
  2. Body Temperature Regulation
  3. Metabolic Functions
  4. Blood Reservoir
  5. Excretion
151
Q

acid mantle, dermcidin in sweat, bactericidal substances in sebum, natural antibiotics called ______________- punch hole in bacteria

A

defensins

152
Q
  • acid mantle
  • dermcidin in sweat
  • bactericidal substances in sebum
  • natural antibiotics called defensins- punch hole in bacteria
A

Chemical Barrier

153
Q

Substances that do penetrate the skin in limited amounts include
- Lipid-soluble substances, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide,
fatsoluble
- vitamins (A, D, E, and K), and steroids (estrogens)
- Oleoresins of certain plants, such as poison ivy and poison oak
- Organic solvents, such as acetone, dry-cleaning fluid, and paint thinner, which dissolve the cell lipids
- Salts of heavy metals, such as lead and mercury
- Selected drugs (nitroglycerine, nicotine, seasickness
medications)

A

Physical Barrier

154
Q

Substances that do penetrate the skin in limited amounts include

A
  • Lipid-soluble substances, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide,
    fatsoluble
  • vitamins (A, D, E, and K), and steroids (estrogens)
  • Oleoresins of certain plants, such as poison ivy and poison oak
  • Organic solvents, such as acetone, dry-cleaning fluid, and paint thinner, which dissolve the cell lipids
  • Salts of heavy metals, such as lead and mercury
  • Selected drugs (nitroglycerine, nicotine, seasickness
    medications)
155
Q
  • Dendritic cells of the epidermis-act as antigen “presenters.”
  • Dermal macrophages
  • DNA-absorb UV radiation and transfer it to the atomic nuclei
A

Biological Barrier

156
Q

cutaneous receptors are classified as

A

exteroceptors

157
Q

allow us to become aware of a caress or the feel of our clothing against our skin

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles & tactile discs

158
Q

alert us to bumps or contacts involving deep pressure

A

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

159
Q

report on wind blowing through our hair and a playful tug
on a pigtail

A

Hair follicle receptors

160
Q

sense painful stimuli (irritating chemicals, extreme heat or cold, and others)

A

Free nerve endings

161
Q

modified cholesterol molecules are converted to a

A

vitamin D precursor

162
Q

Keratinocyte enzymes can

A
  • “Disarm” many cancercausing chemicals that penetrate the epidermis
  • Convert some harmless chemicals into carcinogens
  • Activate some steroid hormones—for instance, they can transform cortisone applied to irritated skin
163
Q

dermal vascular supply can hold about 5% of the body’s entire blood volume

A

Blood reservoir

164
Q
  • Nitrogenous waste products (ammonia, urea, and uric acid) in sweat
  • NaCl excretion
A

Excretion

165
Q

abnormal cell mass

A

Cancer

166
Q

two types of cancer

A

Benign and Malignant

167
Q

Does not spread (encapsulated)

A

Benign

168
Q

Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body

A

Malignant

169
Q

is the most common type of cancer

A

skin cancer

170
Q
  • Least malignant
  • Most common type
  • Arises from stratum basale
A

Basal cell carcinoma

171
Q
  • Arises from stratum spinosum
  • Metastasizes to lymph nodes
  • Early removal allows a good chance of cure
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

172
Q
  • Most deadly of skin cancers
  • Cancer of melanocytes
  • Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
  • Detection uses ABCD rule
A

Malignant melanoma

173
Q

Detection uses ___________ for recognizing melanoma

A

ABCD rule

174
Q

ABCD Rule

A

A = Asymmetry, two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B = Border irregularity, borders of mole are not smooth
C = Color, different colors in pigmented area
D = Diameter, spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter

175
Q
  • tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals
  • denature cell proteins and kill cells in the affected areas
A

Burns

176
Q

leads to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and then renal failure (kidney shutdown) and circulatory shock (inadequate blood circulation due to reduced blood volume)

A

Burns

177
Q

kidney shutdown

A

renal failure

178
Q

inadequate blood circulation due to reduced blood volume

A

circulatory shock

179
Q

In general, burns are considered critical if any of the following conditions exists:

A
  • Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns
  • Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
  • There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or
    feet
180
Q

only the epidermis is damaged. Symptoms include localized
redness, swelling, and pain

A

1st-degree burn

181
Q

symptoms of 1st-degree burn

A

redness, swelling, and pain

182
Q

injure the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Symptoms mimic those of first-degree burns, but blisters
also appear.

A

2nd-degree burn

183
Q

symptoms of of 2nd-degree burn

A

mimic those of first-degree burns, but blisters also appear.

184
Q

Appears graywhite, cherry red, or blackened, and initially
there is little or no edema; not painful.

A

3rd-degree burn

185
Q

keratinocytes undergo almost continuous mitosis in response to prompting by

A

epidermal growth factor

186
Q

a peptide produced by various cells throughout the body

A

epidermal growth factor

187
Q

is accelerated in body areas regularly subjected to friction, such as the hands and feet

A

cell production and keratin formation

188
Q

persistent friction causes a thickening of the epidermis called a

A

callus

189
Q

functions as a sensory receptor for touch

A

tactile or Merkel disc

190
Q

eccrine sweat glands are abundant on

A

the palms, soles of the feet and forehead

191
Q

microbe-killing peptide

A

dermcidin

192
Q

apocrine sweat glands are activited by __________________ during pain and stress

A

sympathetic nerve fibers

193
Q

force sebum out of the hair follicles to the skin surface

A

arrector pili contractions

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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