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Anatomy and Physiology > The Anatomy and Physiology of The Cell - AnaPhy Lecture > Flashcards

The Anatomy and Physiology of The Cell - AnaPhy Lecture Flashcards

1
Q
  • Acts as a boundary
  • Controls what enters and leaves cell
  • Regulates chemical composition
  • Maintains homeostasis
A

Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

What is the structure of a Plasma Membrane?

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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3
Q

Plasma membrane has a

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins partially or fully
imbedded

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4
Q
  • Acts as a boundary
  • Controls what enters and leaves cell
  • Regulates chemical composition
  • Maintains homeostasis
A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

the plasma membrane has the consistency of olive oil at body temperature, due to unsaturated phospholipids.

A

Fluid

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6
Q

membrane proteins form a collage that differs on either side of the membrane and from cell to cell (greater than 50 types of proteins), proteins span the membrane with hydrophilic portions facing out and hydrophobic portions facing in.

A

Mosaic

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7
Q

Substance Permeability Across Membrane
Few molecules move freely:

A

Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

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8
Q

embedded in lipid bilayer

A

Transport Proteins

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9
Q

channel for lipid insoluble molecules and ions to pass freely through

A

Channel Proteins

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10
Q

bind to a substance and carry it across membrane, change shape in process

A

Carrier Proteins

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11
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Facilitated diffusion
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12
Q
  • molecules move to equalize concentration
A

Diffusion

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13
Q
  • Special form of diffusion
  • Fluid flows from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
  • Often involves movement of water: Into cell/Out of cell
A

Osmosis

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14
Q

solvent + solute =

A

solution

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15
Q

– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell

A

Hypotonic

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16
Q

– Solutes equal inside & out of cell

A

Isotonic

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17
Q

– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell

A

Hypertonic

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18
Q
  • Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
  • Channels usually are transport proteins (Aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
  • No energy is used
A

Facilitated Diffusion

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19
Q

How does facilitated diffusion work?

A
  1. Protein binds with molecule
  2. Shape of protein changes
  3. Molecule moves across membrane
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20
Q
  • movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system.
  • Depending on the size of the membrane pores, only solutes of a certain size may pass through it.
A

Filtration

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21
Q
  • Molecular movement
  • Requires energy (against gradient)
A

Active transport

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22
Q

example of active transport

A

sodium-potassium pump

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23
Q

Movement: To the ICF
Vesicles: Large membrane bound vesicle
Mechanism: phagosome pinches off from the cell membrane

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

engulfs a bacterium or other particles

A

phagocytosis

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25
Q

To move large molecules or particles into cells

A

endocytosis

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26
Q

Movement: To the ICF
Vesicles: Smaller vesicles
Mechanism: membrane surface indents, could be nonselective or receptor mediated

A

endocytosis

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27
Q

export large lipophobic molecules, (proteins), get rid of wastes left in lysosomes, insert proteins into the cell membrane

A

exocytosis

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28
Q

Movement: To the ECF
Vesicles: Intracellular vesicles
Mechanism: Rabs, help vesicles dock onto the membrane, & SNAREs, which facilitate membrane fusion

A

exocytosis

29
Q

Movement of large material
– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
Movement is into cells

A

endocytosis

30
Q

Types of endocytosis

A
  • bulk-phase (nonspecific)
  • receptor-mediated (specific)
31
Q

Process of Endocytosis

A
  1. Plasma membrane surrounds material
  2. Edges of membrane meet
  3. Membranes fuse to form vesicle
32
Q
  • Reverse of endocytosis
  • Cell discharges material
A

exocytosis

33
Q

Process of Exocytosis

A
  1. Vesicle moves to cell surface
  2. Membrane of vesicle fuses
  3. Materials expelled
34
Q

Components of Cytoplasm

A

– Interconnected filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– Storage substances

35
Q

Cytoskeleton are made of 3 fiber types

A

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

36
Q

strands made of spherical protein subunits called actins

A

microfilaments

37
Q

hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulins

A

microtubules

38
Q

tough, insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes composed of tetrameter (4) fibrils

A

intermediate filaments

39
Q

– mechanical support
– anchor organelles
– help move substances

A

Cytoskeleton

40
Q

– Short
– Used to move substances outside human cells

A

cilia

41
Q

– Whip-like extensions
– Found on sperm cells

A

Flagella

42
Q
  • Increase surface area in small intestine for absorption of nutrients
  • made up of actin filaments
A

Microvilli

43
Q
  • a microtubule organizing center made up of pairs of centrioles
A

centrosome

44
Q
  • small, barrel-shaped organelles
A

centrioles

45
Q
  • Control center of cell
  • Double membrane
A

nucleus

46
Q
  • Separates nucleus from rest of cell
  • Double membrane
  • Has pores
A

nuclear membrane

47
Q
  • Hereditary material
A

DNA

48
Q
  • Most cells have 2 or more
  • Directs synthesis of rRNA
  • Forms ribosomes
A

Nucleolus

49
Q
  • Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each
  • composed of ribosomal RNA and protein.
  • Free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • the sites of protein of synthesis.
A

Ribosomes

50
Q
  • Helps move substances within cells
  • Network of interconnected membranes
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

51
Q

Two types of ER

A

– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

52
Q
  • With ribosomes attached to surface
  • Manufacture proteins
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

53
Q
  • No attached ribosomes
  • Has enzymes that help build molecules: Carbohydrates and Lipids
A

– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q
  • A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus.
  • Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane
A

Golgi Apparatus

55
Q
  • Contain digestive enzymes
  • Aid in cell renewal
  • Break down old cell parts
  • Digests invaders
  • Contains acid hydrolases
A

Lysosomes

56
Q

release energy

A

mitochondria

57
Q

store energy

A

chloroplasts

58
Q
  • Have their own DNA
  • Rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae.
  • Break down fuel molecules
A

mitochondria

59
Q
  • cells in various regions of the embryo are exposed to different chemical signals that channel them into specific pathways of development
A

Cell Differentiation

60
Q
  • attributes aging to little chemical insults and formation of free radicals, both of which have cumulative effects.
A

wear-and-tear theory

61
Q
  • Most free radicals are produced in the mitochondria.
A

mitochondrial theory of aging

62
Q

According to this theory, cell damage results from (1) autoimmune responses, which means the immune system turns against one’s own tissues, and (2) a progressive weakening of the immune response, so that the body is less able to get rid of cell-damaging pathogens.

A

cell aging due to progressive disorders in the immune system

63
Q

which means the immune system turns against one’s own tissues

A

autoimmune responses

64
Q

so that the body is less able to get rid of cell-damaging pathogens.

A

a progressive weakening of the immune response

65
Q

Cessation of mitosis and cell aging are “programmed into our genes.”
One interesting notion here is that a telomere clock determines the number of times a cell can divide.

A

genetic theory

66
Q

an enzyme that lengthens the previously shortened telomeres

A

telomerase

67
Q

telomerase is pegged as the

A

immortality enzyme

68
Q

is found in germ line cells (cells that give rise to sperm and ova), but it is absent or barely detectable in other adult cell types.

A

telomerase

69
Q
  • programmed cell death
  • particularly common in the developing nervous system.
  • “Carving out” fingers and toes from their embryonic webbed precursors
  • eliminates cells that are stressed, no longer needed, injured, or aged
A

apoptosis

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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