Unit 2- Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • small (1-10um), unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles
  • 1 circular DNA (no histones in bacteria; some in archaea) (small amount)
  • no nucleus
  • made up of eubacteria and archaea
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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • large(10-100um), unicellular (protists) and multicellular, membrane-bound organelles
  • genetic material surrounded in nuclear envelope to form nucleus
  • DNA is closely associated with histones to form tightly packed chromosomes
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3
Q

viruses

A
  • neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
  • outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid
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4
Q

homologous pairs

A

2 sets of chromosomes found in a diploid
(two sister chromatids of the same genes) (one from mother and one from father)

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5
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of genetic info

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6
Q

haploid

A

1 set of genetic info

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7
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells (diploid)

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8
Q

gametes

A

sex cells (haploid)

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9
Q

centromere

A

attachment point for spindle microtubules

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10
Q

Telomeres

A

tips of a linear chromosome

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11
Q

origins of replication

A

where the DNA synthesis begins

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12
Q

submetacentric

A

centromere 1/3 way down

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13
Q

metacentric

A

centromere 1/2 way down

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14
Q

telocentric

A

tiny bits of DNA above centromere

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15
Q

acrocentric

A

small top, centromere, long bottoms

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16
Q

G0

A

stable, non-dividing period

17
Q

interphase

A

extended period between cell division, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase (G1, S, G2)

18
Q

M phase

A

miotic phase

19
Q

G1 phase

A

growth, proteins for cell division synthesized, G1/S checkpoint

20
Q

S phase

A

synthesis of DNA

21
Q

G2 phase

A

prep for division; G2/M checkpoint (only passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged)

22
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense and mitotic spindles form

23
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope disintigrates and spindle microtubules anchor at kinetichore

24
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align on metaphase plate; spindle-assembly checkpoint

25
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids seperate and indiv chromosomes migrate to poles

26
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at poles, nuclear envelope reforms, condensed chromosomes relax

27
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides; cell wall in plants

28
Q

prophase 1

A

synapsis, tetrad, crossing over

29
Q

Synapsis

A

close pairing of homologous chromosomes

30
Q

tetrad

A

closely associated four-sister chromatids of 2 homologous chromosomes

31
Q

crossing over

A

crossing over of chromosome segments from one sister chromatid to the other and vice versa

32
Q

metaphase 1

A

random alignment of tetrads along metphase plate

33
Q

anaphase 1

A

sep of tetrads and random distribution of chromosomes into two newly divided cells

34
Q

cohesion

A

protein that holds the chromatids together and is key to the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis

35
Q

shugoshin

A

protects cohesion at centromere during anaphase 1

36
Q

spermatogenesis

A

male gamete production in animals

37
Q

oogenesis

A

female gamete production in animals