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zfundamental genetics > Unit 13- Transcription > Flashcards

Unit 13- Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Ribozymes

A

catalytic RNA

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2
Q

structure levels of RNA

A
  • primary structure: seq of bases
  • secondary structure: folding due to hydrogen bonding between complements of same strand
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3
Q

Characteristics of DNA

A
  • composed of nucleotides
  • sugar: deoxyribose
  • H group
  • nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds
  • usually double stranded
  • secondary structure: double helix
  • stable
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4
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A
  • composed of nucleotides
  • sugar: ribose
  • OH group (highly reactive)
  • nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds
  • usually single stranded
  • many types of secondary structures
    *easily degradable
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5
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic
  • location (eukaryotic): cytoplasm
  • function: structural and functional components of the ribosomes
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6
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic
  • location (eukaryotic): nucleus and cytoplasm
  • function: carries genetic info for proteins (from DNA to ribosomes)
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7
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic
  • location (eukaryotic): cytoplasm
  • function: helps incorporate amino acids into polypeptide chain
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8
Q

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • location: nucleus
  • function: processing of pre-mRNA (alt splicing)
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9
Q

small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • location: nucleus
  • function: processing and assembly of rRNA
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10
Q

microRNA (miRNA)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • location: nucleus and cytoplasm
  • function: inhibits translation of mRNA
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11
Q

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • location: nucleus and cytoplams
  • function: triggers degradation of other RNA molecs
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12
Q

piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • location: nucleus and cytoplasm
  • function: suppresses the transcription of transposable ele in reproductive cells
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13
Q

CRISPER RNA (crRNA)

A
  • PROKARYOTIC
  • function: assists destruction of foreign DNA
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14
Q

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • location: nucleus and cytoplasm
  • function: variety
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15
Q

transcription components

A
  • DNA template
  • Raw materials (ribonucleotide triphosphates) needed to build a new RNA molecule
  • proteins
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16
Q

transcribed strand

A

template strand

17
Q

transcription unit

A
  • A promoter (region that transcription factors,TFs,bind
  • RNA-coding sequence
  • Terminator
18
Q

RNA transcription strand

A
  • goes 5’ to 3’ and added to 3’-OH
  • uses EITHER top or bottom strand of DNA
19
Q

bacteria initiation

A
  • ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPS) added to the 3’OH group end
  • transcription apparatus
  • bacterial promoters
  • Initial RNA synthesis: no primer required
  • Location of consensus sequence determines position of start site
20
Q

transcription apparatus

A

bacterial RNA polymerase: five subunits make up core enzyme
- 2 copies of a
- single copy of B
- single copy of B+
- stabilizing enzyme: w

Sigma (o) factor: recognizes and binds to the promoter (after binding RNA pol. Enzyme —> creats holoenzymes)

21
Q

RNA polymerase 1

A
  • all eukaryotes
  • Transcribes: large rRNAs
22
Q

RNA polymerase 2

A
  • all eukaryotes
  • Transcribes: pre-mRNA, some snRNAs, snoRNAs, some miRNAs
23
Q

RNA polymerase 3

A
  • all eukaryotes
  • Transcribes: tRNAs, small rRNAs, some snRNAs, some miRNAs
24
Q

RNA polymerase 4

A
  • plants
  • Transcribes: some siRNAs
  • methylation and chromatin structure
25
Q

RNA polymerase 5

A
  • plants
  • Transcribes: RNA molec taking place in heterochromatin formation
  • methylation and chromatin structure
26
Q

bacterial promoters

A

Consensus sequences: most commonly encountered nucleotides at each site
–-10 consensus: 10 bp upstream of the start site
Pribnow box
5’ TATAAT 3’
3’ ATATTA 5’
–35 consensus sequence: TTGACA

27
Q

reading consensus seq

A
  • Y = pyrimidines
  • R = purines
  • N = no patticular base is more common
  • base/ base = both are equally common
28
Q

bacteria Elongation

A

RNA elongation carried out by the action of RNA polymerase

29
Q

bacteria Termination

A
  • Rho-dependent termination: uses rho factor
  • Rho-independent termination: hairpin structure formed by inverted repeats, followed by a string of uracils
30
Q

before eukaryotic transcription

A
  • chromatin modification
  • Acetyltransferases add acetyl groups to amino acids at the ends of the histone proteins, which
    destabilizes nucleosome structure and makes the DNA more accessible.
  • chromatin-remodeling proteins may bind to the chromatin and displace nucleosomes from promoters and other regions
31
Q

eukaryotic promoters

A
  • basal transcription apparatus
  • transcriptional activator proteins
  • RNA polymerase II –> mRNA synthesis
  • core promoter TATA box (TATAAAA), -25 to -30 bp, bound by transcription factors
  • regulatory promoter: located immediately upstream of the core promoter. bounded to.
  • enhancers
32
Q

eukaryotic initiation

A
  • binding of the TFID transcription factor to the TATA box
  • TATA binding protein (TBP)
    Binding of a preassembled holoenzyme containing general transcription factors, RNA polymerase II, and the mediator
33
Q

eukaryotic elongation

A
  • DNA helix enters RNA polymerase II through a cleft in the enzyme and unwinds
  • DNA-RNA duplex is bent at 90 degrees, which positions 3’ end of the RNA end of the RNA at the active site of the enzyme.
  • At the active site, new nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule
34
Q

eukaryotic termination

A
  • 3 RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes use diff mechanisms of termination
  • transcription RNa polymerase II is terminated when an exonuclease (ase = cutting) enzyme Rat1: attatvhes to the cleaved 5’ end of RNA, move down the RNA, reaches the polymerase enzyme
35
Q

Archaea transcription

A
  • closer relationship between archaea and eukaryotes
  • RNA polymerase more similar
  • Archaea promoters similar to TATA box
  • Archaea possess a TATA-binding protein

zfundamental genetics (17 decks)

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