Chapter 1-Research methods

Question 1

Open questions VS closed questions

Answer 1

Open- typically allows participants to expand on responses
closed- allows only one option to be chosen and restrict participants from expanding an answer

Question 2

examples of open questions

Answer 2

-How
-if you could
-Why
-should
-what

Question 3

examples of closed questions

Answer 3

-when
-is
-yes/no
-true/false
-likert scale

Question 4

a limit to closed questions

Answer 4

-reduced validity as answers are forced

Question 5

suggest strengths of using interviews rather than questionnaires

Answer 5

• More in depth detailed responses from participants/ qualitative data
• can delve deeper into the topic at hand with the participant
• can ask follow-up questions
• more personalised exchange of info due to a relationship between interviewer and interviewee
• some people may not return questionnaires

Question 6

Ethics in humans are

Answer 6

debrief
informed consent
right to withdraw
confidentiality
Protection from physical and psychological harm
privacy
deception

Question 7

ways to carry out random sampling

Answer 7

-Computer simulating random numbers
-Using a ballot
random number generator

Question 8

when to use volunteer sampling

Answer 8

-when the researcher is targeting a particular group of the target population
e.g an advert placed at schools to advocate for teen participants

Question 9

weaknesses of opportunity sampling

Answer 9

-can be biased
-unrepresentative

Question 10

what is a lab experiment

Answer 10

a type or research study in which the IV is manipulated to test the effect on the DV while maintaining strict controls and procedures to reduce the effect of extraneous variables that might affect the outcome in an artificial setting

Question 11

Difference between using a Field experiment and Natural

Answer 11

Field manipulates the participants environment and social settings while natural does not and instead observes a natural phenomenon

Question 12

what is inter rater reliability

Answer 12

This is the measure of consistency in making decisions when 2 observers observe the same behaviour independently and their level of agreement can be calculated using a correlation

Question 13

examples of confounding variables

Answer 13

-distractions
-noise
-individual differences
-temperature

Question 14

ways to operationalise the IV

Answer 14

-IQ tests
-Memory tests
-scores
-symptoms
-behaviour reactions

Question 15

ways to operationalise the DV

Answer 15

-Effeciency
-scores
-self reports
-Rates
-observations

Question 16

what are observations

Answer 16

A type of research study in which the researcher accurately records info in a systematic way by using several means

Question 17

ways to carry out an observation

Answer 17

1)Aims
2)Checklist
3)sample & time of sampling
4)data collection
5)analysis presentation

Question 18

ways of collecting data in an observation

Answer 18

-camera
videos
note taking

Question 19

define case studies

Answer 19

An in depth investigation of a single person, unit or phenomenon

Question 20

Give 3 characteristics of case studies

Answer 20

-qualitative
-it is historical
-uncontrolled
-unique source of info

Question 21

evaluate case studies

Answer 21

+source of research ideas
+developed therapeutic techniques
+can study rare and unique behaviours in depth
+high ecological validity

-cannot be generalised
-researcher bias

Question 22

a strength to repeated measures design

Answer 22

-Individual differences may not play a significant role to the outcome as the DV affects both levels of the IV in the same way.

Question 23

examples of participant variables

Answer 23

-Age
-gender
-personality
-intelligence

Question 24

evaluate questionnaires

Answer 24

+convenient to collect data
+Generalisable
+High volume of responses
+ replicable
+ Easy to score

-socially desirable responses

Question 25

Evaluate correlations

Answer 25

+provides useful information on the relationship of variables
+ can investigate inter Rater Reliability
+Helps with future research

-No casualty can be assumed

Question 26

Evaluate observations

Answer 26

• natural: + behaviour is natural and most often at times is unaware
• structured: +quantitative data can be obtained through response categories
• non-participant: + ethical, casual relationship can be established

-cannot give reason as to why they are bheavioung that way
-with unstructured observation, they may record behaviours that they desire to record or mis-record instances of a behaviour.
-unethical
-difficult to replicate (natural observations)

Question 27

what is a “Hypothesis”

Answer 27

It refers to a testable statement of the prediction of the study’s results

Question 28

what is researcher bias

Answer 28

the unconscious tendency of the researcher to act in ways that alter the results often at times fitting the aim

Question 29

what are order effects and the types

Answer 29

Practice and fatigue effects are the consequences of exposing the participants to all levels of the IV all at once. These leads to changes in performance between conditions that are not due to the IV

Question 30

Define the ethical concerns of:
Replacement and Number

Answer 30

Number- the smaller number of animals can be used to meet the goals of research

Replacement- Whenever possible, alternatives to using animals should be considered such as computer simulations

Question 31

Describe the ethical concerns of:
-Housing and Rewards and depriv

Answer 31

Housing-should have their cage well kept, spacious, no aversive stimuli, warmth and cleaned. should not be crowded

Rewards-maintain normal feeding patterns and any sort of

Question 32

ways to carry out an experiment

Answer 32

• IV
• DV
• Design
• controls
• location (field experiment)

Question 33

ways to carry out a questionnaire

Answer 33

• question format
• examples of questions
• scoring
• on paper/online

Question 34

ways to carry out an interview

Answer 34

• question format
• examples of questions
• scoring
• face to face/telephone\
• format structured semi structured or unstructured

Question 35

ways to carry out a case study

Answer 35

• details about sample
• content of information (examples)
• 2 or more techniques i.e interview and observation
• analysis

Question 36

ways to carry out observations

Answer 36

• cover/overt
• participant/ non
• naturalistic/ controlled
• structured / unstructured

Question 37

ways to carry out a correlation

Answer 37

• 2 co-variables
• measure variable 1
• measure variable 2
• nature of correlation (positive/negative)

Question 38

ways to carry out a longitudinal study

Answer 38

• describe task IN DETAIL
• Scoring
• re-contact
• controls