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Psychology > BIOLOGICAL APPROACH-Hassett et al (monkey toy preferences) > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH-Hassett et al (monkey toy preferences) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the background of the study

A
  • Hassett et al. was interested in the condition Congential Androgen Hyperplasia CAH.
    -This condition in girls showed that they had a strong preference for boy toys even when encouraged to go for the girl toys
  • Hassett concluded that prenatal hormones play a role in toy preferences than just socialisation
  • this was tested on monkeys and previous studies showed that male monkeys had a strong preference for masculine toys and likewise for female monkeys with feminine toys
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2
Q

Why were primates chosen for this study

A

-They are closely related to Humans genetically with some similar behaviours
- Some ethical issues may arise with humans as they deprive certain conditions in their environment

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3
Q

What are 2 ways in which the study by Hassett is different in comparison to the previous study by Alexander and Hines

A
  • Alexander did not show the toys simultaneously however Hassett did
  • Alexander used different species
    while Hassett used Rhesus monkeys
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4
Q

State the psychology being investigated

A
  • socialisation
  • Gender stereotypes/ sex differences
  • Play(activity)
  • biological predisposition (role of hormones)
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5
Q

what is Socialisation

A

The process of learning to behave in socially acceptable ways and differs between cultures and gender. Several other factors can play a role

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6
Q

What are Gender stereotype

A

a bias/ belief that members of one gender shares the same characteristics

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7
Q

What are the 2 aims of the study

A
  • Investigate whether sex differences in toys preferences is a result of biological factors rather than socialisation
  • investigate whether female and male rhesus monkeys have similar toy preferences to human infants despite no socialisation experience with human toys.
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8
Q

Describe the observation used

A
  • it was structured
  • it was controlled
  • non-particiapnt covert observers were used.
  • it involved 2 video cameras
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9
Q

what were the 2 variables used in the study

A

Variable 1- the individuals monkeys ranks within the social hierarchy
Variable 2- the frequency or duration of activities with each type of toy

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10
Q

What type of experiment was this and which experimental design

A
  • Field experiment
  • Independent measures design
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11
Q

What was the IV and DV

A

IV- Either female or Male
DV- toy preferences

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12
Q

How was the DV operationalised

A
  • measuring the mean, frequency and duration of interactions (behaviours on checklist) of wheeled (boy) toys and Plush (girl) toys
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13
Q

Describe the wheeled toys

A
  • Were 6 in total
    consisted of;
  • truck
  • wagon
  • car
  • construction vehicle
  • shopping cart
  • dump truck
  • ranged from 16-46cm
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14
Q

Describe the plush toys

A

-Were 7 in total
Consisted of;
- Ruggedy Anne
- Winnie-the pooh
- Koala bear
- Scooby doo
- teddy bear
- armadillo
- Hand puppet
- Turtle
- Ranged from 14- 73cm

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15
Q

Describe the features of the sample and technique used

A
  • Opportunity sample
  • 82 monkey sample used
  • 21 Males
  • 61 females
  • from the Yerkes Primate Research station USA and lived together for 25 years
  • 14 adults were excluded and 39 infants as well
  • Lived in natal social groups and in total 135 animals
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16
Q

Describe the living conditions for the monkey

A
  • was a 25m x 25m outdoor compound with attached temperature controlled indoor quarters
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17
Q

How as the study ethically controlled

A
  • water was continuously given
  • Given fruits and veggies once a day
  • approved by the Emorys institution animal care
  • final animal used 11 males and 23 females
  • fed monkey chow 2x a day
  • Temperature controlled indoor quarters
  • lived in a 25m x 25m outdoor living space
18
Q

How many trials were used and how long were each of them

A

7 Trials
- each 25 mins

19
Q

Why can cameras be useful

A
  • can replay the video multiple times
  • presence of observers may cause an altering of behaviour
20
Q

How was counterbalancing used

A
  • The position of the toys LEFT or RIGHT
21
Q

How were the monkeys introduced to the toys

A
  • the group of monkeys were placed indoors
  • one wheeled toy and one plush toy was were placed in the outdoor area which was 10m apart `
22
Q

What is Time sampling

A
  • Used in structured observation to record a behaviour for a particular period of time e.g in the study 25mins
23
Q

How was data collected and why was it collected in this way

A
  • by converting the records of each behaviour for each participant into an overall average frequency and duration
  • this was done as each monkey could have participated in a different number of activities per trial
24
Q

How was ranking of the participants investigated

A

By looking at how dominant, submissive and groomed they are. (those who did the grooming were lower in rank)

25
Q

Describe 6 behaviours from the behavioural checklist

A
  • Extended touch: place hand or foot on toy
  • Hold: stationary support with one or more limb
  • Jump away: Approach then back away from toy
  • Throw: project toy into the air
  • Drag: Moving the toy along the ground behind them
  • Manipulate part: turning, moving and twisting.
26
Q

State 6 ways in which it was controlled

A
  • all were placed in the same enclosure of 25 x 25
  • used the same plush and wheeled toys for all monkeys
  • fixed time of 25 mins in each trial
  • the toys were always 10m apart
  • the use of a standardised behavioural checklist
  • use of 2 video cameras with one recording the masculine toys and the other recording the feminine toys
27
Q

What percentage of female and male monkeys preferred plush toys

A

Males- 9%
Females- 30%

28
Q

what percentage of female and male monkeys preferred wheeled toys

A

Males- 73%
Females- 39%

29
Q

State 4 results found

A
  • Males preferred wheeled toys
  • No siginifcant preference between wheeled and plush toys for female
  • females interacted more with plush toys than males did
  • males interacted longer with wheeled toys than with plush toys
  • time spent on both toys showed no significant difference
  • Rank is not responsible for sex differences in overall toy preferences
30
Q

what refers to Magnitude of preference

A

investigates how much males preferred wheeled toys and how much females preferred plush toys

31
Q

Describe the different correlations found in the study

A
  • Positive correlation between rank and frequency of interactions for both males and females combined
  • No correlation was found for males for ranking when it came to frequency or duration
  • females only (positively) correlated with rank and frequency spent on plush toys than wheeled toys
32
Q

State 4 conclusions made

A
  • Males prefered masculine toys like human males
  • Females had variable preferences like human females
  • Males preferred masculine toys more than females preferred plush toys
  • Hormonal differences can be responsible for differences in their development and not social ones and this gives reason as to why males and females prefer different activities.
33
Q

NATURE vs NURTURE

A

Nature: Hormone differences played a role in toy preferences
Nurture: The correlation between ranking and frequency of interaction of both toys for females

34
Q

State one point for Individual explanation

A
  • The only difference between the participants conditions was their gender as well as how they interacted with the toy differed between every monkey
35
Q

How applicable is this study in everyday life

A

> Visuospatial skills in girls can be improved by having toys with moving parts for a social situation such as a wheeled bus with dolls inside.
> Allows toy making companies to design certain toys specific for that gender
> Empathy and language skills can be developed in boys by having toys such as wheeled toys with expressive emotions

36
Q

Strength and weakness of using animals in the study

A

+ allowed to investigate the aim in a more practical manner as it is easier to control their environment as well as the fact that no socialisation occurs in animals compared to humans
- Controlled environmentand the toys shown could have acted as an aversive stimuli for the monkeys

37
Q

Strengths :

A

+ inter observer reliability
+standardisation
+ counterbalancing reduced practice effects and responder bias
+ High controls as the IV was gender
+ use of 2 cameras

38
Q

4 Weakness:

A

-each monkey interacted differently
-researcher bias as they subjectively were coding the different behaviours shown
-Low generalisability as it was larger to females than males
-monkeys are not shown these toys daily and were held captive so may act different towards a new stimuli (lack of ecological validity

39
Q

How was inter- observer reliability shown and standardised

A
  • Two independant observers coded the behaviours observed and used Handobs, a program designed for entering time-stamped behavioural info, ensuring the coding was standardised and replicable
40
Q

How was ranking measured

A
  • They investigated it through grooming
  • through dominance and submissive
  • through age, the older the higher the rank.
41
Q

only animals that had a minimum number of ______ behaviours would be included in analyses of results

A

FIVE!!`

42
Q

Why did one particular trial end 7 minutes early?

A

This was because a plush toy was torn into ,multiple pieces by a monkey

Psychology (18 decks)

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