Oncology Introduction Flashcards
- Proto-oncogene ?
- Oncogene?
- Tumor Suppressor Gene?
- Mutated Tumor Suppressor Gene?
- Good Gene; Controls growth of cells
- Bad Gene; Mutated proto-oncogene, Uncontrolled cell growth
- Good Gene; Slows down cellular division. causes cell death
- Bad Gene; Uncontrolled cell growth
What are the 6 characteristics of a well differentiated cell?
(maturity or development of tumor cells)
- resemble normal cells
- mature cells
- function more like normal cells
- grow at a slower rate
- less aggressive
- typical benign
* benign means it is not cancerous, nor metastasis
What are the 5 characteristics of a poorly differentiated cell?
(maturity or development of tumor cells)
- do NOT resemble normal cells
- Immature Cells
- Lack structure/ function
- Aggressive
- Typically Malignant
* malignant means it is cancerous!!!!!!
Malignant versus Benign tumors:
Malignant Tumor: (cancer) cell invades neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
Benign Tumors: (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
How does cancer spread?
Either Locally invasive or Metastasis
Locally Invasive term refers to what?
” fingers” of cancer cells invade surrounding tissue
Metastasis term refers to what?
Malignant cells travel through blood or lymph system and invade other tissues or organs to form secondary tumors
what are the common sites of metastasis?
- breasts
- bone
- liver
- lungs
what are the 13 risk factors for cancer? (order is from higher to lower percentage)
- tobacco and smoking
- diet and obesity
- secondary lifestyle
- occupational exposure
- family history
- viruses
- perinatal factors/ growth
- alcohol
- socioeconomic status
- pollution
- UV radiation
- drugs and medical procedures
- salt, food additives and contaminants
how can viruses contribute to cancer?
- difficult to evaluate and isolate
- may incorporate in the genetic structure of cells
- delay of many years from initial viral infection to development of cancer
- must act in conjunction with other factors in order to develop into cancer
- number of persons infected with viruses is much larger than the numbers who develop cancer
The 6 Virus Examples?
- HPV: Cervical Cancer
- Hep B and Hep C: Liver Cancer
- Epstein-Barr: Lymphoma
- Human Herpes Virus 8: Kaposi’s Sarcoma
- HIV: lymphoma and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
- Helicobacter pylori: stomach ulcers, lymphoma of the stomach lining
Hormone replacement therapy include what?
Estrogen and Progestin
Is hormone replacement therapy worth it?
- Studies indicate the risks outweigh the benefits
what is the primary prevention for cancer?
- health promotion and illness prevention
- reduction of cancer mortality via reduction in the incidence of cancer
ACCOMPLISHED BY:
- avoiding a carcinogen
- adequate and proper nutrition
-stress reduction
-lifestyle changes
-dietary changes
Secondary prevention for cancer includes what?
what is the goal of this?
- screenings (self-breast and self- testicular exams)
- Diagnosis and treatment of illness
- the GOAL is to halt the progress of cancer through early screening and diagnosis
Tertiary Prevention for cancer includes what?
what is the goal of this?
- Disease treatment and rehabilitation
- Health restoration
GOAL :
prevent further deterioration