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Oncology Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Proto-oncogene ?
  2. Oncogene?
  3. Tumor Suppressor Gene?
  4. Mutated Tumor Suppressor Gene?
A
  1. Good Gene; Controls growth of cells
  2. Bad Gene; Mutated proto-oncogene, Uncontrolled cell growth
  3. Good Gene; Slows down cellular division. causes cell death
  4. Bad Gene; Uncontrolled cell growth
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2
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of a well differentiated cell?
(maturity or development of tumor cells)

A
  1. resemble normal cells
  2. mature cells
  3. function more like normal cells
  4. grow at a slower rate
  5. less aggressive
  6. typical benign
    * benign means it is not cancerous, nor metastasis
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3
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of a poorly differentiated cell?
(maturity or development of tumor cells)

A
  1. do NOT resemble normal cells
  2. Immature Cells
  3. Lack structure/ function
  4. Aggressive
  5. Typically Malignant
    * malignant means it is cancerous!!!!!!
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4
Q

Malignant versus Benign tumors:

A

Malignant Tumor: (cancer) cell invades neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
Benign Tumors: (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

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5
Q

How does cancer spread?

A

Either Locally invasive or Metastasis

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6
Q

Locally Invasive term refers to what?

A

” fingers” of cancer cells invade surrounding tissue

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7
Q

Metastasis term refers to what?

A

Malignant cells travel through blood or lymph system and invade other tissues or organs to form secondary tumors

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8
Q

what are the common sites of metastasis?

A
  1. breasts
  2. bone
  3. liver
  4. lungs
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9
Q

what are the 13 risk factors for cancer? (order is from higher to lower percentage)

A
  1. tobacco and smoking
  2. diet and obesity
  3. secondary lifestyle
  4. occupational exposure
  5. family history
  6. viruses
  7. perinatal factors/ growth
  8. alcohol
  9. socioeconomic status
  10. pollution
  11. UV radiation
  12. drugs and medical procedures
  13. salt, food additives and contaminants
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10
Q

how can viruses contribute to cancer?

A
  1. difficult to evaluate and isolate
  2. may incorporate in the genetic structure of cells
  3. delay of many years from initial viral infection to development of cancer
  4. must act in conjunction with other factors in order to develop into cancer
  5. number of persons infected with viruses is much larger than the numbers who develop cancer
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11
Q

The 6 Virus Examples?

A
  1. HPV: Cervical Cancer
  2. Hep B and Hep C: Liver Cancer
  3. Epstein-Barr: Lymphoma
  4. Human Herpes Virus 8: Kaposi’s Sarcoma
  5. HIV: lymphoma and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
  6. Helicobacter pylori: stomach ulcers, lymphoma of the stomach lining
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12
Q

Hormone replacement therapy include what?

A

Estrogen and Progestin

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13
Q

Is hormone replacement therapy worth it?

A
  • Studies indicate the risks outweigh the benefits
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14
Q

what is the primary prevention for cancer?

A
  1. health promotion and illness prevention
  2. reduction of cancer mortality via reduction in the incidence of cancer
    ACCOMPLISHED BY:
    - avoiding a carcinogen
    - adequate and proper nutrition
    -stress reduction
    -lifestyle changes
    -dietary changes
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15
Q

Secondary prevention for cancer includes what?
what is the goal of this?

A
  • screenings (self-breast and self- testicular exams)
  • Diagnosis and treatment of illness
  • the GOAL is to halt the progress of cancer through early screening and diagnosis
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16
Q

Tertiary Prevention for cancer includes what?
what is the goal of this?

A
  1. Disease treatment and rehabilitation
  2. Health restoration
    GOAL :
    prevent further deterioration
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17
Q

What is Chemo-prevention?

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A

The use of substances to lower the risk of cancer

18
Q

(Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators)
what is the drug to help reduce the risk of breast cancer?

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A

Tamoxifen: reduces the risk of breast cancer and binds estrogen and progestin

19
Q

what is screening for cancer and what is the goal of screening for cancer?

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A

screening is looking for cancer before symptoms appear
the goal of screening is to find cancer in early stages

20
Q

what are the types of screening?

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A
  1. Physical Exam
  2. Lab tests
  3. Imaging Procedures
  4. Genetic testing
21
Q

Colo-rectal Screening begins at what age?

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A

Beginning at age 45

22
Q

For colorectal cancer which examination schedules should patients follow?

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A

men & women should follow ONE of the examination schedules:
1. Fecal Occult Blood Test: yearly
2. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy: every 5 years
3. Colonoscopy: every 10 years

23
Q

Breast Cancer Screenings:
1. Age 20+ = ?
2. Age 40-44 = ?
3. Age 45- 54= ?
4. Women at high risk for breast CA?

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A
  1. Monthy SBEs
  2. Breast Exam by HCP every 3 years
  3. HCP breast exam and mammogram yearly
  4. MRI and Mammogram yearly
24
Q

(Cervical Cancer Guidelines)
Age 21 or within 3 years of initiating vaginal intercourse?

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A

pap test every 2-3 years
If dysplasia (abnormal cells within tissues or organs) is noted then paps annually

25
(Cervical Cancer Guidelines) Age 30+ ?
pap test and HPV every 5 years or every 3 years if just pap smear
26
what are the 7 warning signs of cancer? CAUTION
1. Change in bowel or bladder habits 2. A sore that does not heal 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge 4. Thickening or lump in breast or else where 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 6. Obvious change in a wart or mole 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
27
(diagnostic tests and assessments) 1. Grading definition : 2. Staging definition
1. Pathologist compares the appearance of cancer cells to the normal surrounding cells 2. classifying a malignancy by the extent of spread within the body
28
Grading terms/symbols for cancer 1. GX: 2. G1: 3. G2: 4. G3: 5. G4:
1. cannot be assessed 2. (low grade) well differentiated, slow growing 3. (moderate grade) moderately differentiated, growing slightly faster 4. (high grade) poorly differentiated, growing faster 5. (high grade) undifferentiated, not distinct at all, very aggressive
29
Anatomic Stage Group 1. Stage One: 2. Stage Two: 3. Stage Three: 4. Stage Four:
1. Small cancer found only in organ where it originated 2. Larger cancer that may/may not have spread to the lymph nodes 3. Larger cancer also in the lymph nodes 4. Cancer has spread from original site into other organs.
30
TNM system of staging T= N= M=
T= size of primary Tumor N= Number of lymph nodes involved M= extent of Mastasis
31
Staging tumor SIZE terms/symbols TX: T0: Tis: T1: T2: T3: T4:
TX: tumor size cant be measured T0: no primary tumor, or tumor cant be found Tis: tumor is in "situ" T1: small or early stage T2: Confined to original area T3: Has spread to surrounding tissues T4: Large, advanced staged cancer
32
Staging: number of NODES NX: N0: N1: N2: N3:
NX: Nearby nodes can’t be tested/evaluated N0: Lymph nodes are cancer free N1: Cancer cells have reached one node N2: Cancer spread to more than one node N3: Cancer in lymph nodes extensive/widespread
33
Staging: extent of METASTASIS MX: M0: M1:
MX: Unknown if cancer has spread M0: No distant metastases were found M1: Cancer has spread to one or more distant parts of the body
34
Other staging terms In situ: Localized: Regional: Distant:
In situ – still in the original tissue layer Localized – still in the original organ Regional – spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs Distant – spread to distant body parts
35
What are Tumor Markers?
They determine the effectiveness of the treatment
36
What are tumor markers used to do?
1. Screen 2. Diagnose (in conjunction with other tests) 3. Treat (determine if body responding to treatment) 4. Determine prognosis 5. Monitor for recurrence
37
What are the 4 tumor markers we need to recognize?
1. CEA 2. AFP 3. CA-125 4. CA-19-9
38
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA): Normal Range?
Recognize this is a tumor marker!!! Normal Range: 0 - 2.5 ng/mL in non-smoker < 5.0 ng/mL in smoker
39
ALFA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) Normal Range?
Recognize its a tumor marker Normal range < 20 ng/mL
40
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) : Normal Range?
tumor marker Normal range < 30 U/mL
41
Cancer Antigen (CA-19-9) Normal Range?
tumor marker normal range < 37 U/mL

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