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PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology > Chapter 8: Control of Movement > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Ultimate function of nervous system:

A

control of behavior

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2
Q

_______ muscles move us around and are responsible for physical actions.

A

Skeletal

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3
Q

Strong bands of CT that fasten muscle to bones

A

Tendons

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4
Q

Flexion is the contraction of a flexor muscle that moves the limb toward/away from the body.

A

Toward

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5
Q

Extension is the contraction of an extensor muscle that moves the limb toward/away from the body.

A

Away from

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6
Q

The extrafusal/intrafusal muscle fibers provide the force of the muscle.

A

Extrafusal

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7
Q

Several extrafusal muscle fibers are served by a single axon of an _______ _____ ______.

A

alpha motor neuron

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8
Q

The intrafusal muscle fiber is served by _ axons: ________.

A

2; sensory and motor

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9
Q

Which part of the intrafusal muscle fiber contains the sensory endings sensitive to stretching?

A

Capsule

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10
Q

Which neuron causes the intrafusal muscle fiber to contract (albeit minimally)?

A

Gamme motor neuron

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11
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

Alpha motor neuron
Axon
Associated extrafusal muscle fibers

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12
Q

Fine motor muscles such as the eyes or fingers will have more/less extrafusal muscle fibers per alpha motor neuron.

A

less

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13
Q

Gross motor muscles such as the limbs or butt will have more/less extrafusal muscle fibers per alpha motor neuron.

A

more

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14
Q

A muscle fiber is made up of a bundle of ______.

A

myofibrils (actin and myosin)

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15
Q

What are myosin cross bridges?

A

Little motile elements on the myosin that interact with actin and produce muscular contractions

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16
Q

_______ occur where the actin and myosin overlap on a muscle fiber

A

Striations

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17
Q

The synapse between the terminal button of an efferent neuron and the membrane of a muscle fiber:

A

Neuromuscular junction

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18
Q

In the neuromuscular junction, the terminal buttons synapse on _____ _________.

A

motor endplates

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19
Q

True or false: the endplate potential always causes muscle fibers to fire.

A

True

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20
Q

The depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane caused by the liberation of acetylcholine by the terminal buttons when an axon fires is called the _____ ______.

A

endplate potential

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21
Q

The endplate potential is a hyperpolarization/depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

A

depolarization

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22
Q

The strength of a muscular contraction is determined by the _____ ____ ____ ________ of various motor units

A

average rate of firing

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23
Q

When the average rate of firing of various motor neurons is high, the contraction is strong/weak.

A

Strong

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24
Q

When the average rate of firing of various motor neurons is low, the contraction is strong/weak.

A

weak

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25
Q

True or false: intrafusal muscle fibers are stretch receptors that detect the total amount of stretch exerted by the muscle.

A

FALSE: they are stretch receptors that serve as muscle length detectors

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26
Q

Receptors on the intrafusal muscle fibers detect muscle _____, not tension

A

length

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27
Q

The golgi tendon organs encode the stretch degree by the ______ __ _______.

A

rate of firing

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28
Q

______ receptors detect the total amount of stretch exerted by muscle and are located within ______.

A

Stretch; tendons

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29
Q

The golgi tendon organ, monitoring the strength of contraction, fires in proportion to the stress on the muscle. Therefore, if weight was added to your hand, the firing increases/decreases.

A

increases

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30
Q

The monosynaptic stretch reflex controls ______ movements.

A

limb

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31
Q

During a monosynaptic stretch reflex, the muscle contracts in respond to being quickly ______ in reaction to a stimulus.

A

stretched

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32
Q

The monosynaptic stretch reflex helps to maintain _____ and adjusts to maintain ____ ______.

A

Posture; body position

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33
Q

Explain what happens during a monosynaptic stretch reflex:

A

Muscle lengthens, muscle spindle fires to the terminal buttons in gray matter of spinal cord, which synapse on the alpha motor neuron, innervating extrafusal muscle fibers and causing the muscle to move.

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34
Q

When gamma motor neurons are active,
muscle spindles become longer/shorter and are more/less sensitive to change

A

shorter; more

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35
Q

__________ reflexes involve multiple synapses involved in more complex reflexive behavior

A

Polysynaptic

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36
Q

Examples of a polysynaptic reflexes:

A

Pain; startle reflexes

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37
Q

True or false: You can’t control the polysynaptic reflex AT ALL.

A

False – we can kinda inhibit them thanks to context and learning.

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38
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Posterior frontal lobe

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39
Q

The _______ ____ cortex is responsible for causing movements of particular parts of the body

A

Primary motor

40
Q

The motor homunculus is a personification of the _____ _____ _____.

A

primary motor cortex

41
Q

The supplementary motor area (SMA) is located on the medial/lateral surface of the brain.

A

Medial

42
Q

The premotor cortex is located on the medial/lateral surface of the brain.

A

lateral

43
Q

The motor association cortex is involved in _____ ________.

A

planning movements

44
Q

The planning movements of the motor association cortex are executed in coordination with the _______ ______ _____.

A

primary motor cortex

45
Q

The ____ controls sequences of motion

A

SMA

46
Q

The _________ is involved with learning and executing complex movements that are guided by sensory information

A

Premotor Cortex

47
Q

The _______ _____ _____ causes movements of particular parts of the body.

A

primary motor cortex

48
Q

The ___ plays a critical role in behavior sequences

A

SMA

49
Q

Damage to the SMA disrupts the ability to do ___________ _____

A

well-learned responses

50
Q

The _______ _____ is involved in learning and doing complex movements, using arbitrary stimuli.

A

Premotor cortex

51
Q

The reticular formation (RAS) controls the activity of the ______ ____ ____ and regulates the muscle tone.

A

Gamma motor system

52
Q

When the gamma motor neurons are active, the muscle spindles are shorter/longer and hence more sensitive to ________ __ ______ _____.

A

shorter; changes in muscle length

53
Q

When the muscle spindle is lengthened, the rate of firing will increase/decrease.

A

increase

54
Q

As the firing rate of the efferent axon increases, the muscle spindle gets shorter/longer.

A

shorter

55
Q

If the whole muscle gets shorter, there will be no stretch on the central region that contains the sensory endings, and the efferent/afferent axon will not respond.

A

afferent

56
Q

If the muscle spindle contracts faster than the whole muscle does, there will be a considerable amount of efferent/afferent activity.

A

afferent

57
Q

True or false: Most spinal polysynaptic reflexes are completely independent of the brain.

A

False; spinal reflexes do not exist in isolation and are normally controlled by the brain

58
Q

The afferent axons from the ______ _____ ____ serve as detectors of muscle stretch.

A

Golgi tendon organ

59
Q

There are _ types of afferent axons from the Golgi tendon organ. The more sensitive one tells the brain ________. The less sensitive ones synapse on _______ _____ _________.

A

2; how hard the muscle is pulling; spinal cord interneurons

60
Q

The _______ contains 80% of all brain neurons

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

The cerebellum outputs project to every major motor/sensory structure in the brain

A

Motor

62
Q

If damage occurs to the cerebellum, it results to _____ ______ _____

A

jerky, erratic movements

63
Q

Jobs of the cerebellum:

A

Smooth out and correct movements

64
Q

The cerebellum has _ hemispheres

A

2

65
Q

The flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum is important for _______.

A

balance

66
Q

The basal ganglia receive most of their input from all regions of the ________ _____ and the _____ ____

A

cerebral cortex; substantia nigra

67
Q

The basal ganglia is kinda wrapped around the ______.

A

thalamus

68
Q

The _____ ______ influence movements under control of the primary motor cortex and exert some direct control over the ventromedial system.

A

basal ganglia

69
Q

The basal ganglia can control some inhibition of ______ movements

A

unwanted

70
Q

Two neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia include:

A

Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease

71
Q

Parkinson’s disease is caused by the death of ____ cells in the ______ _____

A

DA-secreting cells in the substantia nigra

72
Q

Huntington’s disease is caused by the death of _____ and ____ cells in the ______.

A

GABA & ACh cells in putamen

73
Q

__________’s disease is not enough movement

A

Parkinson

74
Q

________’s diseases is too much movement

A

Huntington’s

75
Q

The direct pathway of the basal ganglia is excitatory/inhibitory

A

excitatory

76
Q

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia is excitatory/inhibitory

A

inhibitory

77
Q

The hyperdirect pathway of the basal ganglia is excitatory/inhibitory and acts very slowly/quickly

A

inhibitory/quickly

78
Q

The lateral group is responsible for control of ___________ _____ movements, especially the ____ and ______.

A

independent limb; hands and fingers

79
Q

The ventromedial group controls ________ movements of the _____.

A

automatic, gross; trunk, including coordinated movements needed for posture and locomotioin

80
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract controls ______, ____, and ____ for _________.

A

Fingers, hands, arms; grasping and manipulating objects

81
Q

The rubrospinal tract controls _____, ______, ___, and ______ for ____________

A

hands (not fingers), lower arms, feet, and lower legs; movement of forearms and hands independent from the trunk

82
Q

The corticobulbar tract controls the ____ and ______ for _________.

A

face and tongue; face and tongue movement

83
Q

aIPS is the ______ region

A

grasping

84
Q

The mirror neurons are located in the rostral part of the ______ _____ lobe and the ______ _____ area

A

inferior parietal; ventral premotor

85
Q

The ______ _______ respond when an individual engages in, observes, or hears a behavior, helping us to understand and imitate the actions of others.

A

mirror neurons

86
Q

True or false: the mirror neurons fire when they see OTHER PEOPLE do movements.

A

True; it may help us understand or imitate the behavior

87
Q

Most reaching behavior is controlled by _____.

A

Vision

88
Q

The dorsal stream of visual association cortex contributes spatial information to the ______ _________ _____ when reaching to determine the location of target and supply information

A

parietal reaching region

89
Q

True or false: We have special parts of the brain that help us identify biological motion (person moving versus a tree)

A

True

90
Q

True or false: Apraxia is paralysis or weakness

A

FALSE: It’s more like you can’t understand movement, even though you can perform it.

91
Q

Limb apraxia is produced by lesions of the ____ ______ or _____ lobes

A

left frontal or parietal lobes

92
Q

______ apraxia is a deficit in the ability to perceive and imagine geometrical relations

A

Constructional

93
Q

Constructional apraxia results in trouble _______ ______ or ________ _____.

A

drawing pictures; construction models. No legos for you.

94
Q

Constructional apraxia is caused by lesions of the _____ _______, especially the ____ _____ lobe

A

right hemisphere; right parietal

95
Q

Dyspraxia involves difficulties in complex motor behaviors, such as _____ _____ and _____.

A

planning, organizing, and coordinating

96
Q

True or false: dyspraxia is more severe than apraxia.

A

False. Other way around.

97
Q

True or false: 5-10% of children exhibit dyspraxia symptoms, but this can be fixed pretty easily.

A

True

PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology (14 decks)

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