ANATOMY EXAM 2: BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards
Heart function: Right and left
R side: pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for reoxygenation
L side: pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through the aortic valve to the aorta
Unique characteristics of the heart
Automaticity
Excitability
Conductivity
Contractability
Rhythmicity
Cardiac cycle
One cardiac cycle is the process of:
-diastole (heart fills w/ blood; relaxed)
-systole (heart pumps blood to the chambers)
How does the ANS affect heart rate (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
-Parasympathetic: slows heartbeat
-Sympathetic: accelerates heartbeat
Difference between arteries and veins and capillaries
Arteries: blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the body; occurs in L side of heart; have thicker walls; found deeper in the skin
Veins: Blood vessels that transport oxygen-poor blood away from the body and to the heart; occurs in R side of heart (which then pumps blood to the lungs for reoxygenation); have thinner walls; found closer to the surface
Capillaries: bridge arteries and veins; provide nutrients and oxygen from the blood to the tissues; allow for waste to pass from the tissues and into the blood
The main artery to the UE and to the forearm into hand for BP
Brachial artery and radial artery
Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration: inhaling oxygen –> provide O2 to tissue
Expiration: exhaling CO2 –> remove CO2 from body
Ventilation and Perfusion
Ventilation: inhalation and expiration; occurs through changes in pressure gradients from a high-pressure area (the body) to a low-pressure area (outside the body).
Perfusion: the blood flow through pulmonary capillaries.
Role of the endocrine system
Controls many aspects of human physiology (growth & development, metabolism, immune system function, reproduction, & water/electrolyte regulation); works w/ the nervous system to regulate homeostasis; relies on hormones.
Dopamine
Inhibits the release of prolactin; usually acts as a neurotransmitter
Prolactin
stimulates breast development & milk production; affects sex hormone levels
Corticosteroids
steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids)
Planes of Motion
*Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left sides.
-Midsagittal plane in center of body
(midline)
-Flexion and extension movements
*Frontal (Coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
-Abduction and adduction movements
*Transverse plane: Divides body into inferior and superior portions
-Rotatory (rotary) movements
Axes of Motion
“Think of axes like a door hinge”
Joints rotate around axes of motion; axis is joint’s center of rotation.
*Frontal axis:
-Medial to lateral
-Sagittal plane movement would be
around the frontal axis
*Sagittal axis:
-Anterior to posterior
-Frontal plane movement would be around
the sagittal axis
*Vertical axis:
-Inferior to superior
- Transverse plane movement will be
around a vertical axis
Axes-Plane Pairs:
-Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane
-Frontal Axis & Sagittal Plane
-Vertical Axis & Transverse Plane
Limb Position
-Medial: closest to the body’s midline point.
-Lateral: farthest from the body’s midline
point.
*Relative terms
-Proximal: closest to the trunk of the body.
-Distal: farthest from the trunk of the body.
*Relative position to trunk
-Radial: thumb side of the arm.
-Ulnar: pinky side of the arm.
*Relative position on forearm, wrist,
and hand
-Superior: above
-Inferior: below
-Cranial: direction of the skull
-Caudal: beneath or toward the tail
-Ipsilateral: same side of body
-Contralateral: opposite side of body
-Volar (supine): refers to palms facing up
Understand the role of each structure within a synovial joint
*Articulating Surfaces: Bone ends
*Articular (hyaline) cartilage: Multiple layers
of dense connective tissue that covers ends
of long bone to absorb force between
bones
*Joint capsule: Dense fibrous sleeve around
synovial joint, containing synovial fluid for
passive stability.
*Supporting ligaments: Connect bone to
bone for joint stability.
*Synovial Fluid: Natural lubricant made by
body movement between bone ends.
Active Range of Motion (AROM)
Movement of a joint provided entirely by the individual performing the exercise
Application: The motion of the client is able to generate independently without assistance.
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
Movement applied to a joint solely by another person or persons
Application: involves motion produced externally by the occupational therapy practitioner, another healthcare provider, or the patient (using the opposite hand to perform PROM). May also be generated by a medical device, such as a custom, dynamic orthosis or constant passive motion (CPM) device.
Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM)
Uses the muscles around a weak joint to complete stretching exercises; involving some combination of patient and clinician effort may be used to facilitate motion when the goal is conservative activation of muscles and joint movement
Application: After a joint replacement, or soft tissue repair, AAROM may be a desired intervention to carefully transition to full active movement.
Opened-Packed Position
Involves free movement of the distal body segment, allowing joints to move together or independently of the others. Requires less muscle recruitment, as mobility is prioritized over stability for these types of movements.
Application: a maestro waving a baton to conduct an orchestra.
Closed-Packed Position
Involves the proximal (joints) moving in relation to a fixed (nonmoving) distal segment. Close-chain patterns promote stabilization of joints and generally recruit more muscles to support the various joints in the chain.
Application: example using the upper extremities is pushing a grocery cart.
Vitals: Heart Rate
of bpm
-Newborns/Neonates (1-28 days old): 120-160 BPM
-Infants (1-12 mo): 100-120 BPM
-Children (1-8 years): 80-100 BPM
-Adult: 60-100 BPM
Vitals: Blood Pressure
A measure of the amount of force of circulating blood on the arterial blood vessels
-Adult Norm: 110/70 or less than 120/80
-Prehypertension: 120/80 to 139/90
-Hypertension:
-Stage 1: 140/90 to 159/99
-Stage 2: Anything higher than 160/100
Vitals: Respiratory Rate
of times the chest rises and falls with complete ventilation
-Norm: 12-20 rise and falls per minute
Pulse-Ox
Measures blood oxygen levels
-Norm: Anything above 90%
Pain Level
measured from 1-10
Degrees of Freedom: Gliding
Lease Movement (0 degrees of Freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Saddle
Biaxial (2 degrees of Freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Hinge
Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Pivot
Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)
Degrees of Freedom: Ball and Socket
Triaxial (3 degrees of freedom)