AP Chem Unit 1

Question 1

an isotope is…

Answer 1

an element with a different number of neutrons

Question 2

one example of an isotope is…

Answer 2

C-12, C-14

Question 3

atomic mass is measured in…

Answer 3

amus

Question 4

moles can replace…

Answer 4

particles, formula units, atoms, molecules

Question 5

atomic symbol

Answer 5

top mass # - (pro + neu)
bottom atomic # - (pro) element symbol

Question 6

which element has the same molecular and empirical formulas?

Answer 6

carbon dioxide

Question 7

a homogeneous mixture is aka

Answer 7

a solution

Question 8

elemental analysis determines…

Answer 8

the composition of a mixture (what elements and how much of them)

Question 9

the majority of mass is made of

Answer 9

protons and neutrons

Question 10

the majority of volume is made of

Answer 10

electrons

Question 11

aufabu’s princlpal

Answer 11

fill the lowest orbitals first

Question 12

hund’s principal

Answer 12

fill one subshell at a time

Question 13

pauli’s principal

Answer 13

electrons in the same orbital should have opposite spin

Question 14

an isoelectric series is

Answer 14

atoms containing the same number of electrons

Question 15

coulombs law

Answer 15

force equals the charges over the radius
as force goes down radius goes up
as charges increase force increases

Question 16

shielding effect

Answer 16

core electrons shield the nucleus from the valence electrons

Question 17

read from ___ to ____ on a photoelectron spectroscopy

Answer 17

high, low

Question 18

as you move across a period the number of ___ and ____ increase

Answer 18

protons, electrons

Question 19

effective nuclear charge

Answer 19

the positive charge experienced by valence electrons
zeff = atomic number - number of core electrons
–> number of valence electrons

Question 20

effective nuclear charge trend

Answer 20

stays the same in a family as there are the same number of valence electrons, moving across a period it increases as the number of protons increase

Question 21

ionization energy

Answer 21

the energy required to remove an electron

Question 22

ionization energy trend

Answer 22

as you move up and across it increases as when going across there are more electrons bound to the nucleus because the force increases because the charge increases, as you move down a family the atomic radius gets bigger and the protons and electrons spread out making less energy needed to separate them

Question 23

radius trend

Answer 23

inc going left and down as the electrons get pulled tighter and moving down you gain more energy levels

Question 24

cations vs anions

Answer 24

positive and small vs negative and big

Question 25

electron affinity

Answer 25

the energy change that occurs when an electron is added

Question 26

electron affinity trend

Answer 26

increases going up and to the right as electrons fill the shell and the distance between the electrons and the nucleus decreases and when protons are added it is easier to gain an electron

Question 27

electron affinity outliers

Answer 27

period 2 is low as they have a full shell
group 15 is low

Question 28

electronegativity

Answer 28

the ability to attract electrons

Question 29

electronegativity trend

Answer 29

increases up and across because bigger radius electrons are farther away and have less pull on electrons

Question 30

ionic

Answer 30

metal and nonmetal

Question 31

charges you need to memorize

Answer 31

Ag+, Cd2+, Zn2+

Question 32

the first family is

Answer 32

alkali metals

Question 33

the second family is

Answer 33

alkaline earth metals

Question 34

transition metals are

Answer 34

in the d block and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Fl

Question 35

lanthanides are

Answer 35

in the top row of the f block and la

Question 36

actinides are

Answer 36

in the bottom row of the f block and ac

Question 37

noble gases are

Answer 37

in the last column

Question 38

halogens are

Answer 38

in the second to last column

Question 39

nonmetals are

Answer 39

C, N, O, P, S, Se

Question 40

metalloids are

Answer 40

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po