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AP Chem > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

two types of matter

A

pure substances and mixtures

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2
Q

mixtures

A

heterogenous, homogeneous
can be separated physically

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3
Q

pure substances

A

elements, compounds
can be separated chemically

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4
Q

physical changes

A

changes in matter that do not change the chemical composition of a substance, change in properties
imfs are broken/formed

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5
Q

examples of a physical change

A

phase changes, temperature, volume, mixture separation, dissolving

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6
Q

chemical changes

A

result in new substances because the chemical composition has changed
bonds are broken/formed

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7
Q

examples of chemical changes

A

oxidation and decomposition

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8
Q

salts dissolving in water

A

ionic bonds broken

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9
Q

signs of a chemical change

A

(unexpected) color change, production of odor, change in temp (w/o adding or removing energy), evolution of a gas (bubbles), precipitate

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10
Q

combination reaction

A

two or more substances react to form a single substance
A + B –> AB

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11
Q

single replacement reaction

A

occur when an element reacts with a compound producing a different element and a different compound
-one element replaces a second element in a compound
A + BC –> AC + B
redox
date steal

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12
Q

to determine which substance is replacing in SR

A

look at signs, must be the same

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13
Q

2 types of SR reactions

A

metals replacing one another, halogens replacing one another

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14
Q

double replacement reaction

A

occurs when two compounds react and form two different compounds
-an exchange of positive ions between two compounds
AB + CD –> AD + CB
precipitation and neutralization
date switch/swingers

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15
Q

combustion

A

occurs when oxygen reacts with a substance (usually one with carbon) and releases light and heat energy
CX + O2 –> CO2 + H2O

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16
Q

decomposition

A

a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products
AB –> A + B
divorce/breakup

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17
Q

chemical equations

A

concise representations of chemical reactions

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18
Q

reactants

A

left side

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19
Q

products

A

right side

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20
Q

catalysts

A

speed up reaction, above arrow

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21
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

matter cannot be created or destroyed
balance that equation!

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22
Q

different types of dissolving

A

ionic compounds - dissociation
molecular compounds - interact/react with water

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23
Q

dissociation

A

water surrounds separated ions

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24
Q

solubility of ionic compounds

A

Na, K, Ammonium (NH4), Nitrate (NO3) salts

25
Q

all nonpolar substances are

A

not soluble

26
Q

if a substance is not soluble it will

A

form a precipitate

27
Q

precipitation reactions

A

two solutions containing soluble slats are mixed sometimes an insoluble salt will be produced

28
Q

molecular equation

A

complete chemical equation
lists reactants and products without charges

29
Q

complete ionic equation

A

broken down
strong acids, bases, and soluble salts are broken into ions (aq)
include charges when broken down

30
Q

net ionic equation

A

rids spectator ions
doesn’t chnage

31
Q

things included in particle diagram

A

state of matter
amount
species

32
Q

states of matter in particle diagrams

A

solids - close together
liquids - closeish together
gas - spread out
aqueous - ions separated, water with dipoles in shape
–if not ionic interactions between water and solute dipoles

33
Q

amount in particle diagram

A

coefficients from equation
law of conservation of mass

34
Q

species in particle diagram

A

make a key
show charges (if in H2O)
appropriate sizing

35
Q

diatomics

A

HONClBRIF

36
Q

percent yield

A

actual/theoretical

37
Q

titration setup

A
  1. wash buret and tools with water
  2. rinse with acid/base
  3. fill with liquid and record the starting value
  4. titrate it
  5. read final mark and subtract to get the total volume
  6. repeat
38
Q

water acts like…

A

an acid and a base
is amphiporitc
HSO4 is also amphiprotic

39
Q

acids

A

donate h

40
Q

bases

A

accept h

41
Q

acid becomes

A

conjugate base

42
Q

base becomes

A

conjugate acid

43
Q

redox cannot be

A

DR

44
Q

oxidized

A

Loses electrons, gets more positive

45
Q

reduced

A

gains electrons, gets more negative

46
Q

if double replacement…

A

check if h donated/gained
–> acid base
check if aq, aq, aq, s
–> precipitaion

47
Q

if not DR…

A

check oxidation numbers! if changed
–> redox

48
Q

elements by themselves have an oxidation number of

A

0

49
Q

the oxidation number of an ion by itself is

A

the same as its charge

50
Q

nonmetals tend to have ___ oxidation numbers when in compounds

A

negative

51
Q

oxygen oxidation number

A

-2 except in peroxide (-1)

52
Q

hydrogen oxidation number

A

-1 when bonded to a metal
+1 when bonded to a non-metal

53
Q

fluorine oxidation number

A

-1

54
Q

the more electronegative nonmetal will…

A

get the negative charge

55
Q

oxidation number of halogens

A

-1

56
Q

sum of oxidation numbers

A

in neutral compound – 0
in ion – charge of ion

57
Q

how to determine if it is peroxide

A

will be named
un switch to see

58
Q

ionic compounds charge order

A

positive than negative

AP Chem (10 decks)

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