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A Level Biology > 2.1 - The effects of CF on the lungs > Flashcards

2.1 - The effects of CF on the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

genetic disease of cell membranes caused by recessive allele

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2
Q

Define allele.

A

diff forms of same gene

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3
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

allele that is only expressed if 2 copies are present

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4
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

allele that is always expressed

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5
Q

What is a DNA mutation?

A

change to DNA base sequence

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6
Q

What is meant by genotype?

A

genes found on chromosomes

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7
Q

What is meant by phenotype?

A

physical characteristics expressed in a person

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8
Q

Define gene.

A

sqnce of base on
a DNA molecules

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9
Q

What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?

A

mutation in a gene where a protein transports sodium & chloride ions across cell membranes -> causes mucus -> build up in the throat & lungs

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10
Q

What is the trachea?

A

tubular structure that goes from mouth to the lungs

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11
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

2 tubes that trachea splits into

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12
Q

Where is the diaphragm in the body?

A

below lungs & heart + above abdomen

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13
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles in the body?

A

btwn ribs

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14
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

smaller tubes tht bronchi splt into

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15
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

air sacs @ end of bronchioles

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16
Q

What is the thorax?

A

🫁,♡, 🩻, intrcstl muscles, bronchioles

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17
Q

What is the trachea made up of? How does this mean the trachea is adapted to its function?

A

rings of crtlge - keeps airway open always

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18
Q

What is the trachealis muscle? Where is it found?

A

muscle made up of smth mslce & elstc fbrs - inbwtn rings of crtlge

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19
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

holds lumen opn, allows flxblty drng inhltn & exhltn

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20
Q

What is the function of the respiratory lining?

A

warm & moisten air & to trap particles in mucus

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21
Q

What is the respiratory lining made up of?

A

epithelium & basement membrane

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22
Q

What are the walls of the trachea/bronchi lined with?

A

ciliated epithelial tissue

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23
Q

What does the ciliated epithelial tissue contain?

A

goblet cells

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24
Q

What do goblet cells make? What is the function of this substance?

A

mucus - trps pthgnc prtcls for cilia to waft prtlcs out of airways

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25
Q

What are 3 features of the bronchus?

A
  • less crtlge thn trch & does not form a full circle
  • epithelium = ciliated
  • v few goblet cells
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26
Q

How is the epithelium made up in larger bronchioles? And in smaller bronchioles?

A

ciliated cells
non cilliated cells

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27
Q

What type of cells aren’t present in the bronchioles? What replaces them?

A

goblet cells
clara cells

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28
Q

What is the function of the clara cells?

A

cmpnts of srfctnt (liquid lining of lungs)

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29
Q

What isn’t present in the bronchioles but is present in the trachea?

A

cartilage

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30
Q

What are alveoli?

A

air sacs -> hold gases for gas exchange

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31
Q

How are the alveoili adapted?

A
  • thin alveolus walls (1 cell thick)
  • spherical shape
  • rich blood supply
  • moist layer
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32
Q

How does thin alveolus walls mean that the alveoli are adapted for rapid gas exchange?

A

short dffsn distnce

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33
Q

How does the spherical shape mean that the alveoli are adapted for rapid gas exchange?

A

large SA for dffsn

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34
Q

How does a rich blood supply mean that the alveoli are adapted for rapid gas exchange?

A

mntn high conc grdnt

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35
Q

How does a moist layer mean that the alveoli are adapted for rapid gas exchange?

A

O2 & CO2 can dissolve into

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36
Q

What makes a good microscope drawing?

A

use a pencil, no shading, clear lines, label on diagram

37
Q

What does the inner lining of the blood vessels & alveoli consist of?

A

single layer of squamous endothelial cells

38
Q

How are SE cells adapted for gas exchange?

A

thin

39
Q

What are SE cells also known as?

A

pavement cells

40
Q

How is columnar epithelium formed?

A

epithelial cells extend out from basement mmbrn

41
Q

How columnar epithelium adapted?

A

surface facing intestine lumen is covered in micro villi - increase SA

42
Q

What is the more scientifically accurate name of the ciliated epithelial cells?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

43
Q

Define mucus.

A
  • thick slimy fluid secreted by cells lining many organs.
  • mucus = produced by cells in GE, DS & RS
  • apart from water, main cmpnt = protein called mucin
44
Q

Define cilia.

A
  • tiny hair-like extensions of cell surface membrn
45
Q

Where are ciliated epithelial cells found, in relation to gas exchange?

A

line airways of lungs

eg.trachea, bronchi, bronchioles etc.

46
Q

What is the function of the cilia in the lungs?

A

when we breathe in, small prtcls of dust in air are trapped in mucus that lines airways
beating action of cilia cntnsly wafts this mucus & trppd particles up into throat where is swllwd

47
Q

What is the epithelial tissue?

A

tissue made up from epithelial cells
which forms outer surface of organs & structures in the body

48
Q

Define tissue.

A

grp of cells have smlr strctr & tghthr crry out prtclr fnctn

49
Q

Define basement membrane.

A

epthll cells sit on mmbrn frmd by prtn fbrs held in jelly - like sbstnc

50
Q

Define trachea.

A

tubular strctr air entrs frm mouth & nose
split into 2 bronchi

51
Q

Define bronchi.

A

tubular strctr that trachea splits into

52
Q

Define bronchioles.

A

one of small airways that goes from bronchi
-> alveoli

53
Q

Define alveoli.

A
  • tiny air sacs in lungs where GE takes place
54
Q

What are the alveoli lined by? How is this adapted to the alveoli’s function?

A
  • lined by a layer of squms epthlm = v thin to ensure effcnt dffsn of O2 into blood & CO2 into alveoli
  • has large SA -> ensure effcnt dffsn
55
Q

Define pathogens.

A
  • term used to describe microorgnsms that cause disease
56
Q

Name 2 example of pathogenic bacteria.

A

campylobacter & heliobacter

57
Q

Other than bacteria, what are 2 types of pathogen?

A

viruses & fungi

58
Q

What is the difference in concentration, that allows diffusion to take place, called?

A

diffusion grdnt

59
Q

Define gas exchange surface.

A

layer which O2 & CO2 are exchngd across

60
Q

Define surface area.

A

area of surface

61
Q

When does a concentration gradient occur?

A

occurs when a sbstnc is at higher conc. in 1 place than another

62
Q

Define Fick’s law.

A

rate of diffsn ∝ size of SA x diff in conc./ thcknss of GE surface

63
Q

What can you use to measure cells under a microscope?

A

graticule

64
Q

What do you use to calibrate a scale when measuring cells under a microscope?

A

stage micrometre

65
Q

How do you calibrate a scale when measuring cells under a microscope?

A
  • align scales of graticule w stage micrometre
  • find another point where scales align
  • count the eyepiece graticule & stage micrometre units btwn 2 points
  • now calculate conversion factor for eyepiece graticule
66
Q

What is the equation for one eyepiece graticule unit?

A

1 EPGU = number of smu / number of EPGU x length of 1 smu in mm

*smu = stage micrometre units

67
Q

How do you go from mm -> µm?

A

x1000

68
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

image size/actual size

69
Q

Why do lung lobes appear to be spongy? How does this suit the role of the lung lobes in gas exchange?

A

covered in millions of alveoli - have large SA for effcnt GE

70
Q

How do you calculate SA? And volume?

A

SA = area of sides x how many sides there are
V = b x w x h

71
Q

How are alveoli adapted to high surface area?

A

spherical shape

72
Q

How is the small intestine adapted to a high surface area?

A

covrd in folds = villi, which r covrd in more folds called microvlli

73
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to have a high surface area?

A

long finger like extensions of cell membrane & wall

74
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the trachea and bronchus?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

75
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the wall of the alveoli?

A

squamous

76
Q

Define diffusion.

A

net mvmnt of molecules (or ions) from a region of high concentration to a region of their lower concentration

77
Q

In diffusion, what do the molecules move down?

A

conc. gradient

78
Q

In diffusion, what makes the molecules move randomly?

A

natural KE

79
Q

As a result of diffusion, what do the molecules eventually reach? What does this mean?

A

equillibrium - no net movemnt on either side of membrane

80
Q

How is the cell membrane designed for diffusion?

A

partially permeable

81
Q

Define polar.

A

oppositely charged particles

82
Q

Define non polar.

A

equally charged particles

83
Q

What are the 4 factors which determine the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. steepness of cocnentration grdnt
  2. temperature
  3. surface area
  4. type of molecules or ions
84
Q

How does the steepness of concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

rate of diffusion ∝ diff in conc.
bigger the difference in conc. between two sides of the membrane, the quicker the rate of diffusion

85
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

rate of diffusion ∝ temperature
higher temperatures give molecules or ions more kinetic energy. Molecules move around faster, so diffusion is faster

86
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

greater the surface area the faster the diffusion can take place. This is because the more molecules or ions can cross the membrane at any one moment

87
Q

How does the type of molecule or ion affect the rate of diffusion?

A

large molecules need more energy to get them to move so they tend to diffuse more slowly. Non - polar molecules diffuse more easily than polar molecules because they are soluble in the cell membrane.

88
Q

According to Fick’s Law, the rate of diffusion is dependent on what 3 factors?

A

surface area
diff. in conc
thickness of gas exchng surface

89
Q

How are the lungs adapted for efficient diffusion?

A
  • many alveoli increases surface area of the lungs (alveoli have spherical shape)
  • blood flow maintains diff. in conc, the steeper the cocnentration gradient the higher the rate of diffusion .
  • the alveoli & capillaries walls = 1 cell thick, bc they r made out of flattened cells so there is a short diffusion distance

A Level Biology (16 decks)

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