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Sn PE Flip > Asthma > Flashcards

Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

What is asthma?

A

Hypersensitivity of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli as a result of a narrowing of the airways

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of asthma?

A

Airways narrow and remodel due to

  • Spasm of bronchial smooth muscle
  • Mucus membranes swelling
  • Increased mucus from goblet cells
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3
Q

What are the consequences of air trapping?

A

Hyperinflation, increased residual volume and decreased vital capacity

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4
Q

How does asthma affect blood oxygen levels?

A

Asthma creates insufficient alveolar ventilation and results in a drop in O2 saturation levels of arterial blood

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5
Q

What are the triggers of asthma?

A

Allergens, viruses, air pollution, foods/additives, drugs, occupational factors, emotional stress, cold air and exercise

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6
Q

What is peak expiratory flow (PEF)?

A

The greatest flow velocity during a forced expiration from fully inflated lungs

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7
Q

What is FEV1?

A

The forced expiration volume in the first second of maximal expiration after maximal inspiration (i.e. a measure of how quickly the lungs can be emptied)

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8
Q

What are the indicators of reversible airway obstruction?

A

After bronchodilator medication

  • FEV1 increases by 12%
  • PEF increases by 20%
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9
Q

What are the categories of asthma?

A

Mild, moderate, severe

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10
Q

What are the characteristics and symptoms of mild asthma?

A
  • FEV1 = 80-100%
  • PEF > 85%
  • Infrequent bronchodilator use
  • Occasional wheezing, cough and chest tightness
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11
Q

What are the characteristics and symptoms of moderate asthma?

A
  • FEV1 = 60-80%
  • PEF = 70-85%
  • 1-3 daily bronchodilator use
  • Most days wheezing, cough and chest tightness
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12
Q

What are the characteristics and symptoms of severe asthma?

A
  • FEV1 < 60%
  • PEF < 70%
  • 3-4 daily bronchodilator use
  • Most days wheezing, cough and chest tightness
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13
Q

What are the indicators of exercise-induced asthma (EIA)?

A
  • Large changes in the airway resistance
  • Symptoms don’t stop after 10 minutes post exercise
  • PEF decreases by more than 15%
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14
Q

What lung function changes are associated with EIA?

A

1st minute: Decreased airway resistance/increased ventilation
After 6 minutes: Increased airway resistance/decreased ventilation

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15
Q

When do FEV and PEF reach their lowest point in EIA?

A

3-15 minutes post exercise

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16
Q

When does the second/latent response occur in EIA?

A

3-4 hours post exercise

17
Q

What are the benefits of exercise for asthma sufferers?

A
  • Benefits of non-asthmatics
  • Decrease in ventilation required to perform work
  • Increased maximum ventilation rate
  • Decreased residual volume/air trapping
  • Increased tolerance/threshold
18
Q

What are the factors affecting EIA?

A
  • Duration of the exercise
  • Continuous nature of the exercise
  • Environmental conditions
  • Seasonal/diurnal variations
  • Medication
19
Q

What are the treatment options for EIA?

A
  • Exercise manipulation (aerobic activities are best)
  • Trigger avoidance
  • Pharmacological
  • Longer pre-season aerobic training
20
Q

What warm-ups are effective in preventing EIA in some sufferers?

A
  • 20 minutes sub-max exercise

- 7 x 30 second sprints 30 minutes before exercise

21
Q

What are the 3 types of asthma medications?

A

Relievers, preventers and symptom controllers

22
Q

What is the function of relievers and when should they be taken?

A

Relax muscles around the airways (decreasing resistance) and provide relief within minutes. Should be taken during an asthma attack

23
Q

How should pre-exercise relievers be used?

A

2-4 inhalations just before exercise

24
Q

What is the function of preventers and when should they be taken?

A

Reduce swelling/inflammation inside the airways, mucus production and trigger sensitivity. Should be taken daily

25
Q

Who are preventers prescribed for?

A

Asthmatics using reliever medication more than 3-4 times weekly

26
Q

How should pre-exercise preventers be used?

A

2-4 inhalations just before exercise

27
Q

What is the function of symptom-controllers and how long do they last?

A

Long acting relievers, last up to 12 hours

28
Q

How should pre-exercise symptom controllers be used?

A

2 inhalations at least 30 minutes before exercise

29
Q

What are the side effects of asthma medication?

A

Tremor, palpitations, severe headache, dizziness, nausea

30
Q

What are the asthma-related contra-indicated substances?

A

Beta-blockers, aspirin, NSAIDs, royal jelly, sedatives

31
Q

When is continuation of exercise inadvisable for EIA?

A

If PEF is not at least 80% of normal unobstructed value

32
Q

What can exercise during bronchoconstriction lead to?

A

Hypoxia, hypercapnia, hyperinflation of the lungs, increased residual volume, respiratory muscle fatigue, dehydration, respiratory acidosis, coma or death

33
Q

What is the first aid procedure for EIA?

A
  • Sit upright

- Use reliever drug with spacer - 1 puff/4 breaths/4 exposures every 4 minutes

34
Q

What is the asthma management plan?

A
  • Assess asthma severity
  • Achieve best lung function with medication
  • Avoid triggers
  • Use minimum doses of medication
  • Develop action plan for problems
  • Review regularly

Sn PE Flip (23 decks)

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