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Sn PE Flip > OPTION 3 SPORTS MEDICINE > Flashcards

OPTION 3 SPORTS MEDICINE Flashcards

1
Q

Ways to classify sports injuries: DIRECT

A

Caused by forces generated from outside the body
- E.G. tackle in rugby causes shoulder dislocation

  • Signs & Symptoms = pain, tenderness, swelling, ↓ function, deformity
  • Causes = collision or direct contact, external forces
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2
Q

Ways to classify sports injuries: INDIRECT

A

Caused by an intrinsic force and result from excessive stress on muscles, ligaments and tendons
- E.G. sprinter tearing a hamstring in a race

  • Signs & Symptoms = pain, tenderness, swelling, ↓ function, deformity
  • Causes = inadequate warm-up, excessive movement, internal force
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3
Q

Ways to classify sports injuries: SOFT

A

Acute damage to muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin, blood vessels, organs and nerves
- E.G. sprain (which may involve severe and requires long rehabilitation)

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4
Q

Ways to classify sports injuries: HARD

A

Damage affecting bones and teeth

- E.G. fractured tibia in the leg or dislodging a tooth

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5
Q

Ways to classify sports injuries: OVERUSE

A

sustained injuries from repetitive use of a particular body part over a long period of time
- E.G. a stress fracture in the tibia of a marathon runner

  • Signs & Symptoms = persistent pain, tenderness, swelling, ↓ function
  • Causes = repetitive use, trauma on bones/joints/tendons/muscle, poorly designed training schedules
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6
Q

Types of Soft Tissue Injuries

A
  1. Tears (strains)
  2. Sprains
  3. Contusions (bruise)
  4. Skin abrasions
  5. Lacerations
  6. Blisters
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7
Q

What are tears (strains)

A

Occurs when tissue is excessively stretched or severed

  • Blood flow bruising may be present at the point of injury
  • Grade 1: fibres stretched & minor tearing
  • Grade 2: a considerable amount of damaged fibres
  • Grade 3: full muscle tear
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8
Q

What are sprains

A

Arises from the stretching or tearing of a ligament (connects bone to bone) and severity is measured using grades

  • 1st degree: little damage/minor tear
  • 2nd degree: moderate damage/half tear
  • 3rd degree: extensive damage/full tear
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9
Q

What are contusions (bruises)

A

Caused by a sudden blow to the body, thus interrupting blood flow to the surrounding tissues

  • Varys in intensity
  • E.G. a haematoma forms on the bone as the blood clots
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10
Q

What are skin abrasions

A
  • The skin area may be embedded with dirt, so requires cleansing to prevent infection
  • Causes pain and shallow bleeding as a result of the skin being scraped
  • Treatment: gentle cleansing & sterilisation to prevent infection
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11
Q

What are lacerations

A
  • Wounds where the flesh has incurred an irregular tear

- Treatment: Stop bleeding, prevent infection, apply a non-adherent dressing & immobilise the wound

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12
Q

What are blisters

A
  • Caused by a collection of fluid below or within the epidermal layer of the skin
  • if blister top breaks, an infection may occur so must be kept clean
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13
Q

Identify is the inflammatory response

A

When a soft tissue injury occurs, the body activates a self-healing response

  • Involves vasodilation allowing for more blood & fluid to exit the vessels and increase white blood cells
  • Has 3 phases within it
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14
Q

What is Phase 1 in the inflammatory response

A
  • Inflammatory stage: occurs in the first 48 - 72 hours
  • Inflammation & redness is fast and painful & involves the vasodilation of blood vessels
  • Increased blood flow to area and formation of blood cells to promote healing
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15
Q

What is Phase 2 in the inflammatory response

A
  • Repair stage: occurs after 3 days - 6 weeks
  • The body begins to fix the damaged site
  • White blood cells clean up the debris from the injury and new tissues are formed
  • Proper healing as scar tissue is weaker than normal
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16
Q

What is Phase 3 in the inflammatory response

A
  • Remodelling stage: occurs after 6 weeks - many months
  • Remodelling varies depending on the severity of injury and rest period taken by an athlete
  • Continues to rebuild the injured area, as scar tissue is strengthened
  • Balance of rest/exercise is important to build athlete to full health
17
Q

Why do you use RICER to manage soft tissue injuries

A
  • Used to manage soft tissue injuries to reduce scarring and pain for faster recovery
  • Immediately helps stop bleeding and swelling
18
Q

‘R’ is for Rest

A
  • Avoid using the injured area for 48 – 72 hours post-injury

- Resting ensures reduced blood flow, therefore reduced swelling & prevent further damage

19
Q

‘I’ is for Ice

A
  • Use ice or cold pack to reduce blood flow, pain and swelling
  • Ice should remain for 20 mins every two hours for the first 48 hours
  • Ice causes vasocontraction reducing inflammation, but when ice is off, blood flow continues & increases the inflammatory response
20
Q

‘C’ is for Compression

A
  • Apply elastic wrap or bandage with a firm pressure & maintain up to 72 hours
  • Pressure helps force fluid away from the area reducing inflammation
21
Q

‘E’ is for Elevation

A
  • If possible, raise the injured area above the person’s heart (done in the first 72hrs)
  • Assists in venous & lymphatic drainage of blood
  • Eliminates the effects of gravity on blood pooling
22
Q

‘R’ is for Referral

A
  • To ensure no further damage, a referral to a medical professional or physio to be correctly diagnosed and full rehabilitation
23
Q

Types of Hard Tissue Injuries

A
  1. Fractures

2. Dislocation

24
Q

What are Fractures

A

Fractures can either be:

  • Incomplete
  • Complete
  • Simple (bones breaks & remains under the skin)
  • Compound (bones protrudes through the skin)
  • They can be classified as greenstick, comminute, depressed or oblique

Management include:

  • DRSABCD
  • Control any bleeding
  • Treating shock
  • Splint to immobilise the area
  • Medical assistance
25
Q

What are dislocations

A

Dislocations are the displacement and deformity of a bone at a joint/ligament

  • Only put into place by qualified professionals and application of RICER
  • Use of immobilisation
  • E.G. a dislocated long bone i.e. the tibia can be supported with a splint or sling (or rigid object)
26
Q

Assessment of Injuries: TOTAPS

A 
T = TALK to injured athlete & determine what happened through questions
O = OBSERVE injury for deformity, swelling, bleeding, discolouration
T = TOUCH gently gauge an increase in pain
A = ACTIVE MOVEMENT (Ask the athlete to move injured body part)
P = PASSIVE MOVEMENT (If an athlete has no pain, move their limbs gently and slowly and stop at point of restriction) 
S = SKILLS TEST (Ask the athlete to stand up, walk or jog slowly or specific skill of the game)
27
Q

Sports medicine aim at types of athletes include:

A
  1. Children and young athletes
  2. Adult & aged athletes
  3. Female athletes
28
Q

Medical condition, injuries & training within children and young athletes

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Epilepsy
  3. Diabetes
  4. Overuse injuries (stress fractures)
  5. Thermoregulation
  6. Application of resistance training
29
Q

Explain the nature, implication & management of ASTHMA

A

NATURE
- Asthma = inflammation of airways, limiting airflow in & out of lungs
E.G. Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA) – airways are dilated during the physical activity

IMPLICATION
- The cause is related to the cooling process of nerve endings in the air passageways, which is more extreme during running type activities
E.G. EIA = more likely to occur in long-distance/duration events

MANAGEMENT

  • Exercise is more beneficial for asthmatics especially swimming to improve lung functions
  • Athletes will have an asthma management plan – developed with GP
30
Q

Explain the nature, implication & management of DIABETES

A

NATURE

  • Diabetes = is where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin properly or efficiently
  • Type 1 is genetic
  • Type 2 is lifestyle-related

IMPLICATION

  • Caution is required when participating in sports as exercise increases sugar utilisation
  • Athlete requires a pre-game meal & hourly glucose supplementation otherwise blood sugar levels will increase
  • May develop hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar)

MANAGEMENT

  • The diabetic athlete must balance insulin by way of injection, food intake e.g. bananas and exercise if their physical performance is to be optimal
  • Important to monitor & control glucose levels during exercise
31
Q

Explain the nature, implication & management of EPILEPSY

A

NATURE
- Epilepsy is the disruption to brain function causing brief alteration to the level of consciousness resulting in seizures or fits and loss of body control

IMPLICATION

  • Avoid solo activities or trigger sports as serious injury or death may occur
  • Body temp extremes can trigger seizures

MANAGEMENT

  • Seizures can be controlled through medication & doesn’t prevent sport’s participation
  • Activities such as swimming, scuba diving and rock climbing should be avoided
  • Hydrate/comfort/reassure/keep distance after seizure
32
Q

Explain overuse injuries (stress fractures)

A

Stress fractures occur due to repeated use of a part of the body & causes tissue damage & considerable discomfort
- Young athletes are susceptible to overuse injuries = different growth rates in bone and soft tissue e.g. height

  • Caused by high training/volume/intensity & frequency, poor warm-ups, lack of fitness, poor technique, etc
  • To prevent: rest days, monitor training volume & intensity, avoid overuse of muscles & joints and correct technique & equipment
  • Treatment: immediate rest (4-8wks), ice, maintain physical condition, physiological exercises

E.G. Tendonitis: the tendon attaches the muscles to the bone gets small tears that become inflamed

33
Q

Explain the term ‘thermoregulation’

A

Thermoregulation: maintenance of stable core body temperature & vital for every athlete avoids hypothermia & hyperthermia

E.G. Conduction: transfer of heat between two objects in contact with each other. If an athlete is too hot, wear an ice vest

  • Young athletes will overheat 3-5 times faster than adults due to underdeveloped sweat glands
  • Coaches must take into consideration regular hydration, breaks (shade), appropriate clothing & exercise for temperature & extreme weather (may postpone/cancel)
34
Q

Application of resistance training (RT) with children

A

RT = strengthens muscles, prevents injury, improves skill fitness. Heavy-weights before age 16 can damage grown plates, leading to stunted growth or injury

  • 6-9 = 15+ RM = Light resistance
  • 9-12 = 10-15 RM= Body weight resistance
  • 12-15 = 8-15 RM = Body weight resistance & starting the use of free weights
  • 15-18 = 6-15 RM = Progression towards an adult program can use complex movements – with training and supervision

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