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Ichthyology > External Anatomy > Flashcards

External Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

body shape

A
  • associated with foraging and swimming habits
  • many unrelated species will converge on similar body shapes
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2
Q

shape of eel-like fishes

A
  • elongate bodies
  • wedge-shaped heads
  • rounded tails
  • bodies vary from compressed to round
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3
Q

how do eel-like fish use their body and tail?

A

they use their body and tail in a sigmoidal motion

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4
Q

eel-like fish lifestyle

A
  • live in crevices and holes in reef rocks
  • can also be found in open water
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5
Q

examples of eel-like fish

A
  • eels
  • Loaches
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6
Q

rover predator shape

A
  • fusiform
  • terminal mouth
  • fins evenly distributed over the body
  • elliptical in cross scetion
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7
Q

rover predator life style

A
  • chases active prey
  • often in flowing water
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8
Q

examples of rover predators

A
  • minnows (Leusicidae)
  • jacks
  • tunas
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9
Q

shape of lie-and-wait predator

A
  • sagittiform - elongate
  • flattened head
  • large tail
  • dorsal and anal fins posterior
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10
Q

lie-in-wait predator life style

A

motionless for long periods of time and then rapid lunges for prey

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11
Q

examples of lie-in-wait predators

A
  • pikes
  • barracuda
  • gar
  • needlefish
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12
Q

surface skimmer/feeder shape

A
  • head dorso-ventrally flattened
  • superior mouth
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13
Q

superior mouth

A

mouth turned upward

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14
Q

surface skimmer/feeder dorsal fin location

A

posterior dorsal fin

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15
Q

surface skimmer/feeder lifestyle

A
  • feed at surface
  • use thin oxygen-rich layer of water at air/water interface
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16
Q

surface skimmer/feeder examples

A
  • topminnows
  • mosquitofish
  • flying fish
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17
Q

bottom dweller

A

rovers

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18
Q

bottom dweller shape

A
  • humped nuchal region
  • terminal/subterminal mouth
  • large pectoral fins
  • barbels and small eyes
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19
Q

bottom dweller lifestyle

A

move actively along bottom seeking benthic prey, algae, or carrion

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20
Q

bottom dweller examples

A
  • catfish
  • suckers
  • sturgeon
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21
Q

clingers and hiders shape

A
  • large, flattened heads
  • large pectoral fins
  • modified pelvic fins
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22
Q

clingers and hiders lifestyle

A
  • live and feed along bottom
  • eats mostly invert prey
  • high current velocities for some species
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23
Q

clingers and hiders examples

A
  • darters
  • clingfish
  • sculpins
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24
Q

flatfish life style

A

rovers or ambush predators

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25
Q

flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) shape

A

laterally flattened

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26
Q

flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) example

A

flounders

27
Q

flatfish (Batoidea) shape

A

dorso-ventrally flattened

28
Q

flatfish (Batoidea) examples

A

skates and rays

29
Q

mid-water crevice hiders shape

A
  • laterally compressed
  • small protrusible mouth
  • large eyes
30
Q

mid-water crevice hiders lifestyle

A
  • live on reef or rocks
  • pick small invert prey or algae
31
Q

mid-water crevice hiders examples

A
  • butterflyfish
  • surgeonfish
  • angelfish
32
Q

skin

A
  • first line of defense, separation of body and environment
  • structure similar to that of other vertebrates
  • may contain specialized cells and glands
33
Q

skin order from surface to deep

A
  1. epidemis
  2. scale pocket
  3. dermis
  4. muscle
  5. scales
  6. squamous epithelial cells
  7. undifferentiated basal cells
  8. alarm cell
  9. mucous cells
  10. taste bud
34
Q

epidermis

A
  • mucus, composed of glycoprotein Mucin
  • photophores
  • venom glands
35
Q

dermis

A
  • blood vessels, nerves, sense organs, connective tissue
  • scale formation
  • chromatophores
36
Q

scale coverage

A
  • naked
  • partially scaled
  • boney plates
  • imbedded
  • small scales
  • fully scaled
37
Q

naked scale fish example

A

catfish

38
Q

partially scaled fish example

A

paddlefish

39
Q

boney plates fish example

A
  • sturgeon
  • pipefish
40
Q

imbedded scales fish example

A

eels

41
Q

small scales fish example

A

salmon

42
Q

fully scaled fish example

A

most fish

43
Q

types of scales

A
  • placoid
  • cosmoid
  • ganoid
  • cycloid
  • ctenoid
44
Q

placoid scales

A
  • cartilaginous fish
  • dermal armor broke up into smaller pieces, scales in mouth became teeth
45
Q

cartilaginous fish

A

arose independently of scales in bony fish, homologous with vertebrate teeth

46
Q

cosmoid scales

A
  • fossil coelacanths and lungfish
  • fusion of placoid scales
47
Q

ganoid scales

A
  • ancestral condition for bony fish
  • bone covered by enamel
48
Q

fish who have ganoid scales

A
  • gars
  • bichirs
49
Q

cycloid scales

A

found in ray-finned fishes

50
Q

fish who have cycloid scales

A
  • pikes
  • herrings
  • minnows
  • trouts
51
Q

ctenoid scales

A

found in spiny-finned fish

52
Q

which scales can be used to age fish

A

cycloid and ctenoid scales grow with annuli, this can age fish

53
Q

fins

A

location and shape of fins are related to fish activity patterns

54
Q

caudal fin

A
  • “tail”
  • homocercal or heterocercal
55
Q

homocercal tail

A

top and bottom of caudal fin are symmetrical

56
Q

heterocercal tail

A

top and bottom of caudal fin are different

57
Q

pectoral fin

A

near bottom of the side of the body

58
Q

pelvic fin types

A
  • abdominal
  • jugular
  • thoracic
59
Q

pelvic fin location

A
  • side of body
  • where the “pecs” would be
60
Q

dorsal and anal fin modifications

A

length modifications for rover predators

61
Q

dorsal fin

A

on top of body

62
Q

anal fin

A

fin near fishes anus

63
Q

spines

A
  • hard, pointed tissue
  • unsegmented
  • unbranched
  • solid
64
Q

rays

A
  • soft, unpointed
  • segmented
  • usually branched
  • bilateral

Ichthyology (16 decks)

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