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Ichthyology > Reproduction & Life Histories > Flashcards

Reproduction & Life Histories Flashcards

1
Q

aspects of reproduction

A
  • gender systems
  • sexual characteristics
  • mating systems
  • spawning behaviors
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2
Q

semelparous reproduction

A
  • typically diadromous
  • all your eggs in one basket
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3
Q

diadromous

A

migrate between marine or freshwater

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4
Q

pros/cons to semelparous reproduction

A

great reproductive output but subject to environmental variance

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5
Q

examples of semelparous fish

A
  • Salmon
  • Lamprey
  • Eels
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6
Q

iteroparous reproduction

A
  • most fish
  • evens out variance in reproductive success
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7
Q

pros/ cons to iteroparous reproduction

A

have a resonable output but it is spread over time

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8
Q

gonochoristic gender systems

A
  • chromosomal
  • 98% of fishes
  • male heterogametic (XY)
  • female heterogametic (ZW)
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9
Q

heterophroditism gender systems

A
  • simultaneous
  • protandrous or protogynous
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10
Q

protandrous

A

first male and then changes to female

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11
Q

protogynous

A
  • most common
  • first female and then changes to male
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12
Q

unisexuality

A
  • gynogenesis
  • hybridogenesis
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13
Q

gynogenesis

A
  • reduced genetic variability
  • no males needed
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14
Q

hybridogenesis

A

hybrid passes only genome that matches the one it backcrosses to

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15
Q

examples of simultaneous hermaphrodites

A
  • killifish
  • hamlets
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16
Q

examples of protandrous sequential hermaphrodites

A

Pomacentridae

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17
Q

examples of protogynous sequential hermaphrodites

A

17 marine families

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18
Q

example of clown anemone fishes

A
  • groups of 2 large & several smaller individuals
  • largest is active female, next largest active male, remainder are inactive males
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19
Q

another name for unisexuality

A

parthenogenesis

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20
Q

gynogenesis in unisexuality

A

sperm activates development of egg but no genetic transfer occurs

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21
Q

hybridogenesis in unisexuality

A

fertilization occurs & true hybrids are formed

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22
Q

subsequent miosis

A

male chromosomes are lost

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23
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A

features involved with copulation or parental care

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24
Q

examples of primary sexual characteristics

A
  • poeciliidae pelvic fins form gonopodium
  • male sharks & skates have claspers
  • male seahorses have pouch for parental care
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25
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • exclusive or differential
  • appear or maturation
  • associated with breeding season
  • enhances fitness but not survival
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26
Q

characteristics of sexual dimorphism

A
  • body size, fins
  • color
  • swelling and growth of body features
  • tubercles
  • body ornament
  • electric signals
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27
Q

tubercles

A

bumps of keratinized epithelium

28
Q

example of fish with mass release of eggs

A
  • sticklebacks
  • livebearers
  • herrings
29
Q

2 types of polygamy

A
  • polygyny
  • polyandry
30
Q

polygyny

A

male animal has more than one female mate

31
Q

example of polygyny fish

A

perch

32
Q

polyandry

A

female animal has more than one male mate

33
Q

example of polyandry fish

A

clownfish

34
Q

monogamy

A

fish pair up together

35
Q

examples of monogamy fish

A

butterfly fish

36
Q

non-guarder spawning behaviors

A

broadcast spawners

37
Q

broadcast spawners

A
  • widely dispersed
  • buoyant
  • high fecundity & mortality
  • mass spawning groups
38
Q

benthic spawners spawning behaviors

A

demersal or adhesive eggs

39
Q

brood hiders spawning behaviors

A
  • benthic
  • crevice spawners
  • invertebrates
  • annual fishes
40
Q

guarders spawning behaviors

A
  • substrate choosers
  • nest spawners
  • froth nests
  • cavity nesters
  • anemone nesters
41
Q

substrate choosers

A

male cleans substrate before enticing female

42
Q

nest spawners

A
  • cavity or pit
  • eggs laid, inseminated, & guarded
43
Q

froth nests

A
  • bubble nest for eggs
  • eggs developed in air bubbles
44
Q

bearers spawning behaviors

A
  • externally hold eggs on outside of bodies
  • internal fertilization is female only with a small number of young
45
Q

ovovivparity

A
  • eggs without supplemental nutrition
  • only yolk is available but eggs are retained by the female for some time
46
Q

viviparity

A

young get supplemental nutrition during development

47
Q

viviparity in chondrichthyes

A
  • few large young
  • uterine milk secretions taken up by a stalk of the yolk sac analogous to umbilical cord
  • oophagy
  • embryonic cannibalization
  • placental viviparity
48
Q

viviparity in poeciliidae

A
  • vascularized pericaridal tissue loops around neck of embryo & maintains contact with ovarian wall
  • other species feed on yolk sacs
49
Q

viviparity in goodeidae

A
  • Trophotaenia
  • nutrition
  • respiration
50
Q

trophotaenia

A

outgrowth of intestine that maintains contact with the ovarian wall

51
Q

alternative life histories in anglerfish

A

parasitic males

52
Q

cuckoldry

A

early maturation of males, big testes in small fish

53
Q

aspects of life histories

A
  • fecundity
  • fertilization
  • early life history
  • age & growth
  • senescence
54
Q

fecundity

A
  • egg size
  • parental care
  • body size
55
Q

fertilization

A

female provides egg with yolk & materials that drive early development & proliferation

56
Q

animal pole

A

top portion that becomes embryo

57
Q

vegetative pole

A

where yolk is concentrated

58
Q

external fertilization

A

gametes viable for a short time

59
Q

internal fertilization

A

sperm storage

60
Q

early life history

A
  • embryonic period
  • larval period
61
Q

embryonic period

A

development entirely dependent on nutrition provided by mother

62
Q

larval period

A
  • hatches from egg
  • ability to capture food
  • swim-up stage
63
Q

indirect development

A

larval stage with distinct metamorphosis

64
Q

direct development

A

larval stage brief or not definable

65
Q

age & growth

A
  • indeterminate
  • size classes
  • scales
  • otoliths
66
Q

senescent period

A
  • growth has stopped
  • gonads degenerate
67
Q

why are fish so long-lived?

A
  • reduced mortality = delayed senescence
  • intermediate growth = potential for increased fecundity with age = delayed senescence

Ichthyology (16 decks)

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