Chapter 1

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as a requirement for believability, parsimony as a value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding principle.

Question 2

Mentalism

Answer 2

An approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental or “inner” dimension (often referred to as psychic, neural, spiritual conceptual dimensions or “hypothetical constructs” that differed from behavioral dimensions and that phenomena in this dimension other directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if at all.

Question 3

Experiment

Answer 3

A carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomena of interest (dependent variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent variables) differs from one condition to the other.

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

The philosophy of a science of behavior; various forms of behaviorism.

Question 5

Methodological behaviorism

Answer 5

A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science private events

Question 6

Radical Behaviorism

Answer 6

A form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events or public events.

Question 7

Pragmatism

Answer 7

A philosophical position asserts that the truth value of a statement is determined by how well it promotes effective actions.
The primary criterion by which bAs judge the value of their findings.

Question 8

Environmental explantation of behavior

Answer 8

Observable behavior is impacted by changes in observable variable within ones environment (both are public events)

Question 9

Determinism

Answer 9

The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events (are not random)

Question 10

Lawfulness of behavior

Answer 10

Behavior occurs in relation to specific conditions/variables

Question 11

Empiricism

Answer 11

Objective observation of the phenomena of interest (void of individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions)

Question 12

Parsimony

Answer 12

All simple, logical explanations for a phenomenon under investigation should be ruled out. (experimentally or conceptually) before complex/abstract explanations are considered.

Question 13

Defining characteristics of ABA

Answer 13

Applied, Behavioral, Analytic, Technological, Conceptionally systematic, Effective, and Generality.

Question 14

Applied characteristic

Answer 14

Behaviors of focus are socially significant and relevant to improvements in the subjects’ language, daily living, social, etc. functioning. (focus is on the importance to the participant, not to theory.)

Question 15

Behavioral characteristic

Answer 15

Is the study of behavior? Is the behavior precisely and reliably measured? Did the subject’s behavior of focus change, or did somebody else behavior change?

Question 16

Analytic characteristic

Answer 16

Demonstration of the functional relations between manipulated events and reliable change in some measurable dimension as the target behavior- this has to do with demonstrating experimental control.

Question 17

Technological characteristic

Answer 17

Procedures/techniques of studies must be conducted and described in sufficient detail for the purpose of replication of said procedures and techniques (as well as results).

Question 18

Conceptually systematic characteristic

Answer 18

Procedures utilized for behavior change (and interpretation of how/why they were effective) are based on the basic principles associated EAB/ Behavior analysis.

Question 19

Effective Characteristic

Answer 19

Strive for quantifiable change in behaviors of focus that have significant clinical/social significance to the subject.

Question 20

Generality

Answer 20

Behavior change is not only significant, but is durable over time in the absence of the treatment procedures, appears in a wide variety of environments, and has an impact on other behaviors not directly treated by the intervention.

Question 21

Branches of behavior analysis

Answer 21

Conceptual analysis of behavior, Experimental analysis of behavior, Applied behavior analysis of behavior, and behavior service delivery.

Question 22

Conceptual analysis of behavior

Answer 22

Represents the philosophies, theories, and methods associated with modern-day behavior analysis, AKA radical behaviorism skinner

Question 23

Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)

Answer 23

A natural science approach to studying behavior as a subject matter in its own right. focuses on the rate of response, clearly defined measurements, visual analysis of graphed data, and functional relations.

Question 24

Applied Behavior Analysis

Answer 24

The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change.

Question 25

Behavioral Service Delivery

Answer 25

The professional service branch of behavior analysis involves the design, implementation, and evaluation of behavior change programs.

Question 26

functional analysis

Answer 26

A) Denotes demonstrations of functional relations between environmental variables and behavior.
B) in terms of determining the process of problem behavior for an individual, it entails experimentally arranging antecedents and consequences representing those in the person’s natural routines so that their separate effects on problem behavior can be observed and measured.

Question 27

Explanatory Fiction

Answer 27

A fiction or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomena it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomena, such as intelligence or cognitive awareness as explanations for why an organism pushes the lever when the light is on, and food is available and does not push the lever when the light is off, and no food is available.

Question 28

Replication

Answer 28

A) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase validity.
B) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, or behaviors.

Question 29

Philosophic doubt

Answer 29

An attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned.

Question 30

Hypothetical construct

Answer 30

A presumed but unobserved process or entity. For example, Freud’s Id, Ego, and superego.

Question 31

Functional relation

Answer 31

A verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment that describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (independent variable) and that the change in the DV was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variable).