14- Thorax II

Question 1

What part of the mediastinum is the middle mediastinum a subunit of?

Answer 1

Inferior mediastinum

Question 2

What are the main structures in the middle mediastinum?

Answer 2

Heart
Pericardium
Coronary vessels
Roots of great vessels

Question 3

What is the vertebral level of division between the superior/ inferior mediastinum?

Answer 3

T4-T5 = sternal angle

Question 4

What are the receiving chambers of the heart?

Answer 4

right/ left atriums

Question 5

What are the discharging chambers of the heart?

Answer 5

right/ left ventricles

Question 6

What chamber receives venous blood via SVC/ IVC?

Answer 6

right atrium

Question 7

What chamber pumps poorly oxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk/ arteries for oxygenation?

Answer 7

right ventricle

Question 8

What chamber receives well-oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins?

Answer 8

left atrium

Question 9

What chamber pumps blood into aorta for systemic distribution?

Answer 9

left ventricle

Question 10

What is the most posterior chamber of the heart?

Answer 10

left atrium

Question 11

What is the most anterior chamber of the heart?

Answer 11

right ventricle

Question 12

What covers the heart and roots of the great vessels?

Answer 12

Fibroserous membrame

Question 13

What are the 2 layers of the fibroserous membrane?

Answer 13

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

Question 14

What is the external/ tough/ outer layer of fibroserous membrane?

Answer 14

Fibrous pericardium

Question 15

What are the 2 linings of serous pericardium?

Answer 15

Parietal serous pericardium
Visceral serous pericardium

Question 16

What layer of pericardium lines the surface of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 16

parietal serous pericardium

Question 17

What layer of pericardium lines the surface of the heart?

Answer 17

visceral serous pericardium

Question 18

What is immediately deep to the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 18

parietal serous pericardium

Question 19

What is the small space between the visceral/ parietal layers of the serous pericardium?

Answer 19

Pericardial cavity

Question 20

What is the pericardial cavity composed of?

Answer 20

small fluid layer

Question 21

What directly adheres to the surface of the heart?

Answer 21

visceral serous pericardium

Question 22

What happens if you reflect the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 22

parietal layer of serous pericardium also reflected

Question 23

What is the “shiny” layer on the heart?

Answer 23

Visceral serous pericardium

Question 24

What pericardium layer is attached to the diaphragm?

Answer 24

Fibrous pericardium

Question 25

How do you know the visceral pericardium has been removed?

Answer 25

can see coronary vessels

Question 26

How are pulmonary arteries/ veins positioned relative to each other?

Answer 26

arteries- high veins- low

Question 27

What does the heart 'sit" on?

Answer 27

diaphragm

Question 28

What empties blood into the inferior aspect of the right atrium?

Answer 28

Inferior vena cava

Question 29

What carries blood towards the heart?

Answer 29

veins

Question 30

What carries blood away from the heart?

Answer 30

arteries

Question 31

How does oxygenated blood return to the heart from the lungs?

Answer 31

pulmonary veins

Question 32

What vessels line the surface of the heart?

Answer 32

coronary vessels

Question 33

What separates the atria/ ventricles?

Answer 33

Atrioventricular groove

Question 34

What separates the ventricles?

Answer 34

Interventricular groove

Question 35

Where are coronary vessels (arteries/ veins) located?

Answer 35

within grooves covered with visceral pericardium embedded in fat

Question 36

What supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?

Answer 36

coronary arteries

Question 37

What do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 37

Ascending aorta

Question 38

What are the ear-like structures associated with the atriums?

Answer 38

Auricles

Question 39

What is the origin of coronary arteries?

Answer 39

ascending aorta

Question 40

What must be done to observe the coronary arteries originating from ascending aorta?

Answer 40

reflect auricles laterally

Question 41

What auricle is more complicated/ why? (to observe coronary artery originating from ascending aorta)

Answer 41

left - must reflex auricle + dig behind pulmonary trunk (to see left coronary artery)

Question 42

Where do the pulmonary arteries arise from?

Answer 42

Ascending aorta

Question 43

Where is the left coronary artery located?

Answer 43

behind pulmonary trunk

Question 44

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 44

Circumflex artery Anterior interventricular artery

Question 45

Where is the circumflex artery?

Answer 45

AV groove/ posteriorly

Question 46

Where is the anterior interventricular artery?

Answer 46

IV groove/ anteriorly

Question 47

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 47

Sinoatrial nodal artery Marginal artery Posterior interventricular artery

Question 48

What empties into the right atrium?

Answer 48

coronary sinus

Question 49

Where is the coronary sinus located?

Answer 49

posterior heart in AV groove

Question 50

Where is all venous drainage to the heart?

Answer 50

coronary sinus

Question 51

What do not go to the coronary sinus/ go directly to right atrium?

Answer 51

Anterior cardiac veins

Question 52

How do anterior cardiac veins empty into right atrium?

Answer 52

hop/ jump over AV groove