Chapter 2: Psychology as a Science Flashcards

1
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning that proceeds from broad basic principles applied to specific situations

“top-down”

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2
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning process that proceeds from small specific situations to more general truths

“bottom up”

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3
Q

Sir Francis Bacon

A

First to question deductive reasoning and believed it was easily influenced by thinker’s biases
Believed indicative reasoning should be used to avoid bias

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4
Q

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

A

Process where scientist begins with educated guess (hypothesis) then set about designing experiments to support or invalidate that hypothesis

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5
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Make observations and identify questions
  2. Develop testable hypothesis
  3. Select research method
  4. Analyze the data and accept/reject hypothesis
  5. Seek scientific review, publish, and replicate experiment
  6. Build a theory

Use hypothesis to test theory

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6
Q

Pseudopsychology

A

Takes appearance of science but bot based on the scientific method

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7
Q

Independent Variable

A

Condition that is thought to be the factor causing change

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8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Condition that you expect to change as a result of variation in IV

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9
Q

Operationalize

A

To develop precise definitions of variables in order to test it

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10
Q

Random Selection

A

Choosing sample in a way that everyone has a chance to be involved.

Minimize sampling biases

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11
Q

Descriptive Research Method

A

Allows researchers to describe a relationship that exists between variables of interest
ex. case study, naturalistic observation, surveys

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12
Q

Case Studies

A

In-depth examination on one case

Con:
- Greatly affected by researcher bias
- Cannot generalize results

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13
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Where researchers directly observe people behave as they normally do

Con:
- Subject to researcher bias
- Presence of camera or researcher may alter participant’s behavior

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14
Q

Survey

A

Where researchers ask participants questions. This allows them to gather lots of data

Con:
- People tend to give socially acceptable answers (participant bias)
- Does not show causation

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15
Q

Experiment

A

Controlled observation where researcher manipulate the IV to see its effect on DV

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16
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group that is exposed to the IV

17
Q

Control Group

A

Group that is not exposed to IV

18
Q

Double Blind Procedure

A

Study where neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment the participants is receiving

Prevents demand characteristic

19
Q

Correlation

A

Predictable relationship between two or more variables

20
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Expresses the strength and nature of the relationship

Between -1 and +1

21
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Relationship in which scores on 2 variables increase/decrease together

22
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Relationship in which the score of one variable increases as the other decreases

23
Q

Perfect Correlation

A

Relationship in which 2 variables are exactly related

24
Q

Mean

A

average

25
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Index of how much scores vary within a group

26
Q

statistically signifiant

A
27
Q

Probability Statistics (p-level)

A
28
Q

Ethical guidelines

A