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Psy 101 > Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptor Cell

A

specialized cells that convert specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses

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1
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

process of converting specific environmental stimuli into neural impulses

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2
Q

Senses and its Stimuli

A

Olfactory : Odorants
Gustatory : Chemicals
Somatosensory : Pressure of damage to skin
Auditory : Sound waves
Visual : Light

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3
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulation necessary for detection

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4
Q

Difference Threshold

A

minimum difference necessary for detecting the difference between two stimuli

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5
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to reduced response

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6
Q

Botton-up Processing

A

transducing environmental stimuli to neural impulses that move into more complex brain region

used for unfamiliar things

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7
Q

Top-down Processing

A

perception processes led by cognitive processes, such as memory or expectation (perceptual sets)

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8
Q

Olfactory sense

A

sense of smell

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9
Q

Gustatory sense

A

sense of taste

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10
Q

Path of olfactory signals

A

Olfactory bulb (first region where olfactory information reaches the brain on its way to the nose)

sent to piriform cortex (very plastic and changes to apart to different experiences)
amygdala and hippocampus

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11
Q

How is smell related to learning

A

top down processing where people recognize a smell because of a memory associated with it.

learning about association between odors and experience influences our behavior to perceive sensory information in the future.

some smells trigger specific events (due to amygdala and hippocampus)

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12
Q

Path of taste signals

A

taste receptor cells have no axons but have synapse with sensory neurons in tongue to sed info to brain

sent to thalamus and then to cerebral cortex

integrated with brain’s reward system

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13
Q

Differences in sensitively to smell and taste

A

women are more sensitive to taste and smell than men for evolutionary purposes
women sensitivity heightens during ovulation. able to detect less things during menopause

3 groups of people- non taster (25%), medium taster(25%), super taster (25%)

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14
Q

Ageusia

A

inability to taste

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15
Q

Anosmia

A

inability to smell.

leading factor is head trauma

16
Q

5 receptors for touch

A

Free nerve endings- located near surface of skin. detect touch, pressure, pain, and temp

Meissner’s corpuscles- located in hairless parts. transduce info about sensitive touch

Merkel’s disc transduce info about light to moderate pressure against skin

Ruffin’s end-organ- located deep in skin. register have pressure and movement of joints

Pacinian corpuscles- buried deep in kin. respond to vibration and heavy pressure

17
Q

Path of touch signals

A

tactile receptors send info to spinal cord

info is relayed to thalamus

thalamus sends info to somatosensory cortex (in parietal lobe)

18
Q

2 pathways for pain fiber

A

fast pathway- for acute pain. myelinated axons to help us respond quickly with withdrawal reflex

slow pathway- burning pain. inputs communicate with brain regions to process emotions and thought about the pain

19
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

naturally-occuring pain killing chemical in brain. belong to class of opiates.

20
Q

Familial Dysautonomia

A

inability to detect pain or temperature

21
Q

Phantom sensations

A

hallucination of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp on parts of body that no longer exist

22
Q

Pathway of auditory signal

A
  1. sound wave enters the outer ear and deflect the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  2. vibration of tympanic membrane cause ossicles (3 bones) in middle ear to move: hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
    stirrup hits the oval window
  3. deflection of oval window cause a wave to be formed in fluid filled cochlea in the inner ear. deflects basilar membrane (covered with auditory receptors). the movements causes hair cells to bend, which transduce sound wave to electrical signals
  4. nerves in cochlea send neural impulses to brain
23
Q

Two theory of how auditory system converts sound waves

A

Frequency theory- different sound frequencies are converted into different rates of firing in our auditory nerve.

Place theory- differences in sound frequency activate different regions in basilar membrane

24
Q

3 ways to localize sound

A

General loudness- loudness to assess distance (quiet = far)

Loudness in each ear- ear closer ears a louder noise than other ear. good for detecting location of high frequency sounds

Timing- differences in time at which sound waves hit each ear. sound wave will also hit each ear at slightly different part of wave cycle. good for low frequency

25
Q

Tonotopic map

A

representation in the auditory cortex of different sound frequencies

26
Q

Synesthesia

A

perceive sensations different than the one being activated

“see” music or “hear” smell

27
Q

Tinnitus

A

ringing in the ear

28
Q

Retina

A

specialized sheet of nerve cells in the back of the eye containing the sensory receptors for vision

29
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptor most responsive to levels of light and dark

more concentrated around the edge. helps w peripheral vision

30
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptor responsive to color

more concentrated in the center

31
Q

Fovea

A

center of retina.

containing only cones. where vision is most clear

32
Q

Optic Nerve

A

bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries visual information from the eye to the brain

33
Q

Blind spot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the retina

34
Q

Pathway of light signals

A

light is transducer by photoreceptors in the retina (rods and cones), at the back of the eye

signal excited the bipolar cell then the ganglion cell then gets transmitted to the optic nerve

communicates with the thalamus and then sent to occipital lobe

35
Q

Three characteristic of color

A

hue- refers to wavelength of light that shows the color

saturation- how pure and deep the color appears (how much white is mixed in the color)

brightness- how much light is reflected from the visual stimulus

36
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

A

that human eyes only perceive three colors of light: red, blue, and green. The wavelengths of these three colors can be combined to create every color on the visible light spectrum.

37
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

color perception depends on the actions of three systems of color opposites: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white

38
Q

2 Pathways of processing information about complex visual stimuli

A

Psy 101 (12 decks)

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