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Psy 101 > Chapter 4: Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

3 Types of Glial Cells

A

Astroglia- important for creating blood brain barriers

Oligodendroglia- important for providing myelin

Microglia- important for cleaning up debris of dead cells

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2
Q

Resting potential charge

A

a negative charge of around -70mV

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3
Q

Peak potential charge

A

positive charge of 50mV

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4
Q

All-or-nothing Principle

A

Stimulation will fire if and only if it reaches a specific threshold.

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5
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Action potential travels down axon by jumping on these nodes

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6
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

short time after action potential, during which a neuron is completely unable to fire

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7
Q

Relative refractory period

A

after the absolute refractory period where the neuron can fire if it receives a stronger than normal stimuli

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8
Q

Glutamate

A

Plays major role in learning and memory

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9
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

Plays role in learning and anxiety regulation

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Alzheimer’s disease happen when Ach producing neurons deteriorate

BOTOX is basically adding Ach inhibitor to freeze muscle.

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

primary role in movement and reward learning

cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine

Parkinson’s disease occurs when there is not enough dopamine

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12
Q

Serotonin

A

enables positive mood, sleep, and appetite

malfunctions: depression, lack of sleep and appetite

Prozac affect mood by keeping more serotonin in the synapse through blocking serotonin reuptake

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13
Q

Norepinephrine

A

primary role in attention and arousal

Adderall is a stimulant used to treat ADHD

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14
Q

Endorphins

A

lessen the perception of pain and increases positive mood

Heroin is accepted by endorphin receptors on dendrites. Produces similar effect as endorphins. causes reduced production of natural endorphins

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15
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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17
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls voluntary movements and sensory information

needs CNS

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18
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight response

Parasympathetic- control basic functions when people are not at risk

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19
Q

Spinal Cord

A

extends from base of brain down the back

important for gathering info from body and sending it to the brain

20
Q

Brain stem/ Medulla

A

closest to the spinal cord.

important for basic bodily functions like respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate regulation

also important for integrating sensations of pain and touch from head to neck from motor input

21
Q

Reticular formation

A

sleep and wakefulness

major source of serotonin

22
Q

Pons

A

connection point of cerebellum

contains locus coerulus

23
Q

Cerebellum

A

important for motor coordination
important for learning automatic tasks like tying shoelaces and riding a bike
important for eye movement

24
Q

Midbrain

A

relays information

contains the substantial nigra

25
Q

Substantial Nigra

A

important for fluidity of movement and inhibiting movement

produces dopamine

26
Q

Thalamus

A

relay sensory information

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)- relay info on visual stimuli

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)- relay info about auditory stimuli

27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

related to motivational behavior like eating, drinking, and sex

critical to control of endocrine (hormone) system (connected to the pituitary gland)

28
Q

Pituitary gland

A

controls endocrine system

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

29
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal

A
29
Q

Amygdala

A

involved in processing information about emotions, particularly fear
also fear conditioning

30
Q

Hippocampus

A

important for storing short term memory

important for learning about spatial environment

major site of plasticity (both synaptic and structural)

31
Q

Striatum

A

work w/ substantial nigra to produce fluid movement

32
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

important communication from neurons in the midbrain and involved in motivation and reward learning

33
Q

Neocortex

A

largest part of the brain, responsible for complex behavior like language and thought
4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

34
Q

Occipital Cortex

A

process basic information about visual stimuli

information arrives in occipital cortex through partially crossed connections

Association areas here integrate info about color, complex patterns, and motion

35
Q

Temporal Cortex

A

process sound, speech comprehension, and recognizing complex visual stimuli like faces

Wernicke’s area: on left side. understand language.

36
Q

Parietal Cortex

A

process info about touch and somatosensory stimuli.

contains somatosensory strip- process tactile info from out body parts. basically forms a body map. more sensitive areas cover more space.

37
Q

Frontal Cortex

A

important for planning and movement

primary motor strip

Broca’s area: on left side. produce language

Prefrontal cortex- part of frontal cortex involved in higher order thinking like merry, moral reasoning, and planning

38
Q

Phineas Gage

A

shows localization of functions

a metal rod penetrated his frontal cortex. he did not supper noticeable mental damage but his personality changed completely.

39
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

brain region that connects the two hemispheres

sometimes it is severed to treat seizures

40
Q

Brain development before we are borned

A

Portion of ectoderm folds and forms the neural tube (where the CNS arises)

New neurons are formed (neurogenesis) at the neural tube and move to new brain regions

Programmed cell death to clear out unused neurons

41
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

causes loss of myelin on the axons of neurons.
leads to inefficient transmission of electrical info (vision loss, pain, and muscle weakness)

42
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord.
leads to loss of movement and eventual death

43
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra, leading to tremors, muscle rigidity, and other motor problems

44
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

death of neurons in striatum
exhibit awkward movement

45
Q
A

Psy 101 (12 decks)

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