week 4: chest (PA Chest and Left Lateral) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 forms of digital image receptors?

A

computed radiography, direct radiography

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1
Q

what is the difference between CR and DR?

A

Both use an IR, but CR needs to have the IR brought somewhere to be processed

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2
Q

what comprises the bony thorax?

A

sternum, manubrium, xiphoid process;
2 clavicles, 2 scapulae,
12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

palpations at base of neck (posterior) will lead you to this anatomical landmark

A

C7

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4
Q

Mid-thorax corresponds to

A

level of T7

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5
Q

Xiphoid process corresponds to

A

level of T9-T10, even T11 or T12

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6
Q

the anterior rib is (superior/inferior) to the posterior rib

A

inferior (lower)

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7
Q

the thoracic cavity moves in 3 dimensions on inspiration. what are they?

A

Vertical diameter
Transverse diameter
AP diameter

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8
Q

A general rule of average adult patients is to “show” minimum of _________ of ribs on a good PA chest

A

10 pairs

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9
Q

what does SID stand for?

A

source to image distance

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10
Q

how far away from IR is the bucky to be set?

A

72 inches

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11
Q

why is 72 inches the correct distance for chest xrays

A

longer SID magnifies less because the xray beam has less divergence

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12
Q

longer SID magnifies less because the xray beam has (more/less) divergence

A

less

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13
Q

Chest xrays must be taken on _________

A

full inspiration

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14
Q

for chest xrays, xray is taken in this way: hold breath on the ________ full inspiration

A

second

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15
Q

All chest radiographs should be taken in the erect position (as pt condition allows) due to these reasons

A
  1. Diaphragm is able to move down farther
  2. Air and fluid levels in the chest may be visualized
  3. Engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels may be prevented
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16
Q

PA Projection

minimum SID

A

72 inches

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17
Q

PA Projection

IR size

A

14x17 inches

18
Q

PA Projection

Grid/no grid?

A

grid

19
Q

PA Projection

kVp range

A

110 - 125

20
Q

Technical factors of PA projection
-Minimum SID
-IR size
-Grid/no grid?
-kVp range

A

-72 inches
-14x17 inches
-Grid
-110-125

21
Q

lengthwise IR would be helpful for a patient with a ________ body habitus

A

hypersthenic

22
Q

less magnification for heart can occur by using these factors

A

less magnification for heart → bucky at 72 inches, PA rather than AP

23
Q

three radiation protection factors for patients

A
  1. limit repeat exposures
  2. collimation
  3. Gonadal shielding
24
Q

positioning for a PA projection

A

-T7 in middle of IR
-round drape/gonadal shielding
-hands on waist
-asking patient to roll shoulders forward
-extend chin

25
Q

collimation guidelines (from Prof.)

A

collimation on WIDTH (left to right) not on length

26
Q

Evaluation criteria for PA Chest

A

-Entire lungs included
-No rotation
-Scapulae removed from lungs
-Full inspiration
-Equal collimation top and bottom
-No motion
-Exposure factors*

27
Q

what do you need to do with shoulders in positioning a patient for a PA Chest?

A

roll shoulders forward

28
Q

when counting a minimum of 10 ribs, what is important to remember?

A

counting posterior ribs (on a PA chest, they are the ones that look more “forward”)

29
Q

what grayscale and contrast type do you want in a chest xray?

A

long scale, low contrast

30
Q

For marking a lateral chest X-ray: we mark the side that is ____________ the IR

A

closest/touching

31
Q

what marker would you use for a left lateral chest xray?

A

Left marker

32
Q

breathing instructions from PA chest (are/are not) applicable to lateral chest

A

are

33
Q

bronchitis: an acute or chronic condition in which __________ is secreted into the bronchi, causing __________ and __________; generally involves the _____ lobes of the lung

A

excessive mucus, cough and shortness of breath, lower

34
Q

aspiration: occurs when _________ are swallowed or aspirated into the air passages of the _________

A

foreign objects, bronchial tree

35
Q

emphysema: an irreversible and chronic lung disease in which air spaces in the ____ become greatly enlarged as a result of _________ and loss of ________. Air tends to _________ during expiration, causing labored breathing

A

alveoli
alveolar wall destruction
alveolar elasticity
not be expelled

36
Q

COPD: form of persistent ______________ that usually causes difficulty in ___________; may be cause by emphysema or chronic bronchitis

A

obstruction of the airways, emptying the lungs of air

37
Q

what does COPD stand for?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

38
Q

Pulmonary edema: condition of ________ within the lung that most frequently is caused by a backup in _________, commonly associated with CHF

A

excess fluid, pulmonary circulation

39
Q

what is the difference between involuntary and voluntary motion as seen on a radiograph?

A

all anatomy blurry with voluntary

only that anatomy is blurry with involuntary (ex: heart is blurry during an involuntary heartbeat)

40
Q

on a radiograph, the SC joints are found on ________________ (not precisely _______)

A

lateral borders of manubrium, midline

41
Q

No rotation on a left lateral chest x-ray is evident by ______________

A

superimposed posterior ribs (slide 40 on powerpoint)

42
Q

with collimation, You __________ collimation in order to _________ field of view

A

increase collimation to decrease field of view

43
Q

how can you determine on a chest XR if the patient has cardiomegaly?

A

if the apex of the heart “touches” the left side of the chest wall