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Imunology > Innate Immunity Cont. > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

What can perform phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages

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2
Q

What is phagocytisis?

A

the uptake and degradation of extracellular material

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3
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A

=

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4
Q

How is phagocytosis initiated?

A

2 ways
- PAMP recognition by a PRR
- opsonins

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5
Q

Do all PRRs initiate phagocytosis?

A

no

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6
Q

How do opsonins initiate phagocytosis?

A
  • bind to microbes and mark them for phagocytosis
  • bind to receptor on phagocytic cell which then initiates phagocytosis
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7
Q

What is microbe degradation?

A

when the phagosome fuses with the lysosome, the contents of lysosome act to kill and degrade the pathogen

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8
Q

What ways does microbial degradation occur?

A
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • low pH
  • enzymes
  • molecules that mediate oxidative attack
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9
Q

What antimicrobial proteins do microbial degradation?

A

lysozyme and defensins

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10
Q

How does low pH do microbial degradation?

A

kills pathogen, activates enzymes

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11
Q

What enzymes do microbe degradation?

A

proteases

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12
Q

What does proteases do?

A

degrade protein

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13
Q

What molecules mediate oxidative attack?

A
  • reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • reactive nitrogen species
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14
Q

What is an example of a reactive oxygen species?

A

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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15
Q

What is an example of reactive nitrogen species?

A

nitric oxide (NO)

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16
Q

Steps of NETs

A

-

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17
Q

What does NETs stand for?

A

neutrophil extracellular traps

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18
Q

What do NETs do?

A

trap pathogens

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19
Q

How do NETs trap pathogens?

A

contain antimicrobial proteins from cytoplasmic granules that kill the trapped pathogens

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20
Q

What is the process using NETs called?

A

NETosis

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21
Q

What happens to the neutrophil as a result of NETosis?

A

neutrophil dies

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22
Q

What does inflammation result from?

A

cellular response and tissue damage due to pathogens getting through the physical barriers of innate immune system

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23
Q

What are characteristics of the inflammatory response?

A
  • pain
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • loss of function
24
Q

What causes heat and reddness?

A

reflect an increase in vascular diameter which increases blood flow to area

25
Q

What causes swelling?

A

reflect an increase in vascular permeability causing cells and fluid to leave blood

26
Q

What causes pain?

A

damage to nerves as result of inflammation response

27
Q

What causes a loss of function?

A

all other symptoms

28
Q

Steps of inflammatory response

A

-

29
Q

What is the acute phase response?

A

the phase preceding either recovery or death

30
Q

What does the acute phase response result in?

A

systematic changes in body

31
Q

What are the systematic effects of the acute phase response?

A
  • sickness behaviors
32
Q

What are sickness behaviors as result of acute phase response caused by?

A

proinflammatory cytokines acting on brainW

33
Q

What are the sickness behaviors?

A
  • fever
  • loss of appetite
  • lethargy
  • body aches
34
Q

What causes a fever in terms of acute phase response?

A
  • COX2 activated to produce prostaglandins that increase body temps through shivering
35
Q

What is the purpose of a fever?

A

increase chemotaxis and immune cell survival

36
Q

What causes a loss of appetite in terms of acute phase response?

A

proinflammatory cytokines act on hunger centers in the brain to decrease appetite

37
Q

What causes lethargy in terms of acute phase response?

A

proinflammatory cytokines act on sleep centers in brain to cause animal to be tired

38
Q

What causes body aches in terms of acute phase response?

A

proinflammatory cytokines act on nerves to cause body aches

39
Q

What are other acute phase effects?

A
  • increased hematopoiesis of white blood cells
  • increased skeletal muscle protein catabolism
  • production of acute phase proteins in liver
  • liver produces lipocalin-2
  • liver produces hepcidin
40
Q

What does increased hematopoiesis of white blood cells mean?

A

replenishes immune cells in blood

41
Q

What does increased skeletal muscle protein catabolism mean?

A

protein of skeletal muscle gets broken down, releases amino acids from proteins

42
Q

What kind of acute phase proteins are produced in liver?

A

Fe binding proteins

43
Q

What are the Fe binding proteins produced in liver as result of acute phase?

A

transferrin and haptoglobin

44
Q

What do transferrin and haptoglobin do?

A

bind Fe and make it unavailable to bacteria

45
Q

What does bacteria produce?

A

siderophores

46
Q

What do siderophores do?

A

compete with transferrin and haptoglobin to bind Fe and can remove Fe from them

47
Q

What does lipcalin-2 do?

A

binds siderophores to keep them from binding to Fe

48
Q

What does hepcidin do?

A

keep Fe from being released from hemoglobin

49
Q

What two types of receptors do natural killer cells have to detect abnormal/infected cells?

A
  • inhibitory and activating
50
Q

What do inhibitory receptors on NK cells recognize?

A

MHC class one

51
Q

What happens when MHC 1 binds to inhibitory receptor?

A

signal to NK cells to NOT kill the cell

52
Q

What do activating receptors on NK cells recognize?

A

ligands upregulated on infected cells

53
Q

What happens when ligands bind to activating receptors?

A

signals the NK cell to kill the infected cell

54
Q

How do NK cells kill infected cells?

A

2 ways
- FasL on NK cell binds to Fas on infected cell which initiates apoptosis on infected cell
- NK cells secrete perforin and granzyme

55
Q

What does perforin do?

A

punctures holes in cell membrane of infected cell

56
Q

What does granzyme do?

A

enters cell through holes and initiates apoptosis of infected cell

Imunology (12 decks)

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