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Imunology > Components of the Immune System > Flashcards

Components of the Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

The immune response is ___ based.

A

cell

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2
Q

What do all immune cells develop from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What determines what hematopoietic stem cells will develop into?

A

cytokines and growth factors

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4
Q

What can stem cells differentiate into?

A
  • myeloid progenitors
  • lymphoid progenitors
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5
Q

What are examples of myeloid progenitors?

A
  • granulocytes
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
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6
Q

What are examples of lymphoid progenitors?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • natural killer cells
  • dendrite cells
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7
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

contain cytoplasmic granules which have compounds in them that are released during an immune response to kill pathogens

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8
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophils
  • mast cells
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9
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A
  • perform phagocytosis, engulfing and breaking down and killing the pathogen
  • first responders from bloodstream at site of infection
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10
Q

What are neutrophils called in birds?

A

heterophils

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11
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

release cytoplasmic granules to kill parasites

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12
Q

What do basophils do?

A

release cytoplasmic granules in response to parasites

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13
Q

How are mast cells different from other granulocytes?

A

are not white blood cells

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14
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

within tissues

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15
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

release cytoplasmic granules in response to parasites and infection

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16
Q

What do granules of mast cells contain?

A

histamine

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17
Q

What does histamine do?

A

increases permeability of blood vessels

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18
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes and dendrite cells

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19
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

migrate into tissues at site of infection and differentiate into a cell called a macrophage

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20
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

monocyte-derived and resident tissur

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21
Q

What are monocyte derived macrophages called?

A

inflammatory macrophages

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22
Q

Where do resident tissue macrophages come from?

A

embryonic cells

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23
Q

What are the types of resident tissue macrophages?

A
  • microglia
  • osteoclasts
  • kupffer cells
  • alveoler macrophages
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24
Q

Where are microglia found?

A

nervous system

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25
Where are osteoclasts found?
bone
26
Where are Kupffer cells found?
liver
27
Where are alveolar macrophages found?
lungs
28
What do resident tissue macrophages do?
fight infection but also clear any damaged tissue
29
What do macrophages do?
perform phagocytosis
30
How are macrophages different than neutrophils?
has antibody receptors and when an antibody binds to an antigen it marks that antigen for phagocytosis by macrophagesW
31
What is the marking of an antigen for phagocytosis by macrophages called?
opsonization
32
What is the antibody that binds to an antigen for opsonization called?
opsonin
33
Where are dendrite cells found>
in different tissues
34
What can dendrite cells do?
perform phagocytosis on antigens and pathogens
35
What are macrophages and dendrite cells classified as?
professional antigen presenting cells (professional APCs)
36
What do professional antigen presenting cells do?
- form a "bridge" between the innate and adaptive immune response - phagocytize antigens, break the antigen down, and present pieces of the antigen on their cell membrane
37
What activates helper T-cells?
binding to antigen presenting on the professional APCs
38
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
T and B cells
39
What are clusters of differentiation?
protein expressed on cell surfaces, use these to differentiate between types of lymphocytes
40
What do each B and T cell have?
antigen specific receptors
41
What receptor do B lymphocytes express?
B-cell receptors
42
What receptor do T lymphocytes express?
T-cell receptors
43
When are receptors generated for B and T cells?
during development
44
What are naïve lymphocytes?
mature fully developed lymphocytes that haven't encountered the antigen they are specific for
45
What happens when lymphocytes are engaged by the antigen they are specific for?
get activated, go through clonal selection, and then differentiate into one of two types of cells
46
What type of cells do lymphocytes that have gone through clonal selection differentiate into?
most effector cells, some memory cells
47
What do effector cells do?
carry out specific functions to combat the pathogen
48
What do memory cells do?
stay around for secondary response
49
T cell receptors only recognize ___
antigens bound to another cell
50
What are the structures on antigen presenting cells called?
major histocompatibility complexes
51
What are the two types of major histocompatibility complexes?
class one and class two
52
Where are class one MHC found?
on all nucleated cells in body
53
Where are class two MHC found?
expressed only by professional APCs
54
What are the two types of T cells?
cytotoxic T-cells and helper T-cells
55
How can cytotoxic T cells be differentiated?
CD8
56
What will the T cell receptor on cytotoxic T cells recognize?
antigen bound to MHC class one
57
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
kill virally infected cells
58
What do helper T cells express, for differentiation?
CD4
59
What do t cell receptor recognize for helper t cells?
recognize antigen bound to MHC class two
60
What are subsets of helper t cells?
- TH 1 and TH 17 - TH 2 and TFH - regulatory T cells
61
What do TH1 and TH17 do?
regulate immune response to intracellular pathogens
62
What do TH2 and TFH do?
help with extracellular pathogens
63
What do regulatory T cells do?
have capacity to inhibit immune response and involved in inhibition of autoimmunity (so body doesn't react to itself)
64
how are regulatory T cells differentiated?
express CD4 and CD 25
65
What is the B cell receptor on B cells like?
membrane bound antibodies
66
What happens when B cell recognizes antigen?
B cells undergo clonal selection and generate effector cells called plasma cells and also generates some memory cells
67
What are plasma cells?
activated B cells
68
What do plasma cells do?
secrete antibodies
69
Are natural killer cells antigen specific?
no
70
What do natural killer cells do?
kill virally infected cells
71
What are primary lymphoid organs?
locations where immune cells develop and mature
72
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow, thymus, and bursa of fabricus
73
What does bone marrow develop?
b-cell development (in mammals)
74
What does thymus develop?
T-cell development
75
What does bursa of fabricus do?
b-cell development (in birds)
76
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
locations where adaptive immune response is initiated - aka where lymphocytes are activated
77
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
- lymph nodes - spleen - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
78
What are lymph nodes involved in?
activation due to antigen in tissues
79
What is the spleen involved in
activation due to antigen in blood
80
Where are mucosa associated lymphoid tissues found?
along in mucosal membranes
81
What are mucosa associated lymphoid tissues?
barriers for antigen entering body
82
What are the types of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues?
- GALT - BALT - NALT - SALT
83
Where is GALT found?
GI tract
84
Where is BALT found?
bronchus
85
Where is NALT found?
nasal
86
Where is SALT found?
skin
87
What are tertiary lymphoid organs?
site of infection

Imunology (12 decks)

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