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Imunology > Components of the Immune System > Flashcards

Components of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The immune response is ___ based.

A

cell

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2
Q

What do all immune cells develop from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What determines what hematopoietic stem cells will develop into?

A

cytokines and growth factors

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4
Q

What can stem cells differentiate into?

A
  • myeloid progenitors
  • lymphoid progenitors
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5
Q

What are examples of myeloid progenitors?

A
  • granulocytes
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
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6
Q

What are examples of lymphoid progenitors?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • natural killer cells
  • dendrite cells
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7
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

contain cytoplasmic granules which have compounds in them that are released during an immune response to kill pathogens

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8
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophils
  • mast cells
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9
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A
  • perform phagocytosis, engulfing and breaking down and killing the pathogen
  • first responders from bloodstream at site of infection
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10
Q

What are neutrophils called in birds?

A

heterophils

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11
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

release cytoplasmic granules to kill parasites

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12
Q

What do basophils do?

A

release cytoplasmic granules in response to parasites

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13
Q

How are mast cells different from other granulocytes?

A

are not white blood cells

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14
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

within tissues

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15
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

release cytoplasmic granules in response to parasites and infection

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16
Q

What do granules of mast cells contain?

A

histamine

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17
Q

What does histamine do?

A

increases permeability of blood vessels

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18
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes and dendrite cells

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19
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

migrate into tissues at site of infection and differentiate into a cell called a macrophage

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20
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

monocyte-derived and resident tissur

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21
Q

What are monocyte derived macrophages called?

A

inflammatory macrophages

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22
Q

Where do resident tissue macrophages come from?

A

embryonic cells

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23
Q

What are the types of resident tissue macrophages?

A
  • microglia
  • osteoclasts
  • kupffer cells
  • alveoler macrophages
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24
Q

Where are microglia found?

A

nervous system

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25
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

bone

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26
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

liver

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27
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

A

lungs

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28
Q

What do resident tissue macrophages do?

A

fight infection but also clear any damaged tissue

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29
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

perform phagocytosis

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30
Q

How are macrophages different than neutrophils?

A

has antibody receptors and when an antibody binds to an antigen it marks that antigen for phagocytosis by macrophagesW

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31
Q

What is the marking of an antigen for phagocytosis by macrophages called?

A

opsonization

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32
Q

What is the antibody that binds to an antigen for opsonization called?

A

opsonin

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33
Q

Where are dendrite cells found>

A

in different tissues

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34
Q

What can dendrite cells do?

A

perform phagocytosis on antigens and pathogens

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35
Q

What are macrophages and dendrite cells classified as?

A

professional antigen presenting cells (professional APCs)

36
Q

What do professional antigen presenting cells do?

A
  • form a “bridge” between the innate and adaptive immune response
  • phagocytize antigens, break the antigen down, and present pieces of the antigen on their cell membrane
37
Q

What activates helper T-cells?

A

binding to antigen presenting on the professional APCs

38
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B cells

39
Q

What are clusters of differentiation?

A

protein expressed on cell surfaces, use these to differentiate between types of lymphocytes

40
Q

What do each B and T cell have?

A

antigen specific receptors

41
Q

What receptor do B lymphocytes express?

A

B-cell receptors

42
Q

What receptor do T lymphocytes express?

A

T-cell receptors

43
Q

When are receptors generated for B and T cells?

A

during development

44
Q

What are naïve lymphocytes?

A

mature fully developed lymphocytes that haven’t encountered the antigen they are specific for

45
Q

What happens when lymphocytes are engaged by the antigen they are specific for?

A

get activated, go through clonal selection, and then differentiate into one of two types of cells

46
Q

What type of cells do lymphocytes that have gone through clonal selection differentiate into?

A

most effector cells, some memory cells

47
Q

What do effector cells do?

A

carry out specific functions to combat the pathogen

48
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

stay around for secondary response

49
Q

T cell receptors only recognize ___

A

antigens bound to another cell

50
Q

What are the structures on antigen presenting cells called?

A

major histocompatibility complexes

51
Q

What are the two types of major histocompatibility complexes?

A

class one and class two

52
Q

Where are class one MHC found?

A

on all nucleated cells in body

53
Q

Where are class two MHC found?

A

expressed only by professional APCs

54
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A

cytotoxic T-cells and helper T-cells

55
Q

How can cytotoxic T cells be differentiated?

A

CD8

56
Q

What will the T cell receptor on cytotoxic T cells recognize?

A

antigen bound to MHC class one

57
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill virally infected cells

58
Q

What do helper T cells express, for differentiation?

A

CD4

59
Q

What do t cell receptor recognize for helper t cells?

A

recognize antigen bound to MHC class two

60
Q

What are subsets of helper t cells?

A
  • TH 1 and TH 17
  • TH 2 and TFH
  • regulatory T cells
61
Q

What do TH1 and TH17 do?

A

regulate immune response to intracellular pathogens

62
Q

What do TH2 and TFH do?

A

help with extracellular pathogens

63
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

have capacity to inhibit immune response and involved in inhibition of autoimmunity (so body doesn’t react to itself)

64
Q

how are regulatory T cells differentiated?

A

express CD4 and CD 25

65
Q

What is the B cell receptor on B cells like?

A

membrane bound antibodies

66
Q

What happens when B cell recognizes antigen?

A

B cells undergo clonal selection and generate effector cells called plasma cells and also generates some memory cells

67
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

activated B cells

68
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

secrete antibodies

69
Q

Are natural killer cells antigen specific?

A

no

70
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

kill virally infected cells

71
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

locations where immune cells develop and mature

72
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow, thymus, and bursa of fabricus

73
Q

What does bone marrow develop?

A

b-cell development (in mammals)

74
Q

What does thymus develop?

A

T-cell development

75
Q

What does bursa of fabricus do?

A

b-cell development (in birds)

76
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

locations where adaptive immune response is initiated
- aka where lymphocytes are activated

77
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
78
Q

What are lymph nodes involved in?

A

activation due to antigen in tissues

79
Q

What is the spleen involved in

A

activation due to antigen in blood

80
Q

Where are mucosa associated lymphoid tissues found?

A

along in mucosal membranes

81
Q

What are mucosa associated lymphoid tissues?

A

barriers for antigen entering body

82
Q

What are the types of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues?

A
  • GALT
  • BALT
  • NALT
  • SALT
83
Q

Where is GALT found?

A

GI tract

84
Q

Where is BALT found?

A

bronchus

85
Q

Where is NALT found?

A

nasal

86
Q

Where is SALT found?

A

skin

87
Q

What are tertiary lymphoid organs?

A

site of infection

Imunology (12 decks)

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