Introduction

Question 1

What is immunology?

Answer 1

state of protection from infectious diseases

Question 2

What is vaccination?

Answer 2

administration of an attenuated (weakened) strain of a pathogen to provide immunity against a disease

Question 3

What is herd immunity?

Answer 3

vaccinating as many individuals as possible to prevent the spread of disease to susceptible individuals

Question 4

What does immunity involve?

Answer 4

• hormonal immunity
• cell-mediated immunity

Question 5

What is hormonal immunity?

Answer 5

the immunity derived from body humors (fluid)

Question 6

What causes hormonal immunity?

Answer 6

immunoglobulins

Question 7

What are immunoglobulins?

Answer 7

antibodies

Question 8

What are antibodies a product of?

Answer 8

B lymphocytes

Question 9

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 9

passive and active

Question 10

What is passive immunity?

Answer 10

transfer of immunity from one individual to another

Question 11

Is passive immunity long term or short term? Why?

Answer 11

short term because it does not transfer cells

Question 12

What is active immunity?

Answer 12

production of one’s own immunity

Question 13

How is active immunity achieved?

Answer 13

by vaccination or contraction of disease

Question 14

Is active immunity long term or short term?

Answer 14

long term

Question 15

What is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 15

immunity derived from T lymphocytes

Question 16

What are T lymphocytes derived from?

Answer 16

the thymus

Question 17

What are antigens?

Answer 17

any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T lymphocytes

Question 18

What can antigens be?

Answer 18

pathogenic or non-pathogenic, self or non-self

Question 19

What does pathogenic mean?

Answer 19

harmful to the body, causes disease

Question 20

What are self antigens?

Answer 20

antigens within one’s own body

Question 21

What should self antigens do?

Answer 21

they should not illicit an immune response

Question 22

What are non-self antigens?

Answer 22

antigens that are not natural to one’s own body

Question 23

What should non-self antigens do?

Answer 23

they will cause an immune response

Question 24

What is clonal selection?

Answer 24

when a lymphocyte encounters the antigen it is specific for, the lymphocyte will rapidly divide to produce many clones of itself

Question 25

What are pathogens?

Answer 25

organisms that cause disease

Question 26

What are examples of pathogens?

Answer 26

- viruses - bacteria - fungi - parasites

Question 27

What does PAMPs stand for?

Answer 27

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Question 28

What are PAMPs?

Answer 28

common foreign structures that characterize groups of pathogens

Question 29

What does PRRs stand for?

Answer 29

pattern-recognition receptors

Question 30

What are PRRs?

Answer 30

recognize PAMPs

Question 31

Where are PRRs found?

Answer 31

white blood cells

Question 32

What is tolerance?

Answer 32

recognition of self-antigen and suppression of immune response

Question 33

What do lymphocytes develop when they are developing?

Answer 33

diversity

Question 34

How do lymphocytes have diversity?

Answer 34

each B and T lymphocyte will express many copies of a unique recognition receptor

Question 35

What are the two types of immune systems?

Answer 35

innate and adaptive

Question 36

When is the innate immune system fully developed?

Answer 36

at birth

Question 37

What does the innate immune system do?

Answer 37

prevents infection and quick elimination of pathogens

Question 38

What is the innate immune system composed of?

Answer 38

physical and chemical barriers

Question 39

What are the physical barriers of the innate immune system?

Answer 39

skin and mucus membrane

Question 40

What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system?

Answer 40

mucus, saliva, sweat, tears, HCl

Question 41

What do PRRs do in the innate immune system?

Answer 41

initiate release agents that kill microorganisms and initiate phagocytosis

Question 42

What contributes to the innate immune system?

Answer 42

PRRs and complement

Question 43

What is complement?

Answer 43

serum proteins that help eliminate pathogens

Question 44

The innate immune response is _______

Answer 44

fast and nonspecific

Question 45

What is the adaptive immune system composed of?

Answer 45

Lymphocytes

Question 46

The adaptive immune response is _______

Answer 46

highly specific, so has a delayed response (5-6 days)

Question 47

What kind of response is the adaptive immune system?

Answer 47

learned response

Question 48

What does the adaptive immune response protect from?

Answer 48

protects upon subsequent exposure to same pathogen

Question 49

How do cells communicate?

Answer 49

- cell to cell - chemical messengers

Question 50

How does cell to cell communication work?

Answer 50

cells close to each other

Question 51

What are chemical messengers called?

Answer 51

cytokines

Question 52

What is an example of a subset of cytokines?

Answer 52

chemokines

Question 53

What do chemokines do?

Answer 53

recruit specific cells to sites of infection

Question 54

What is immunological memory?

Answer 54

ability of immune system to respond more quickly and more efficiently upon secondary exposure to the same pathogen

Question 55

What is immunological memory a part of?

Answer 55

adaptive immune response

Question 56

What are the two responses of immunological memory?

Answer 56

primary and secondary response

Question 57

What is primary response?

Answer 57

the first encounter with a pathogen

Question 58

How does primary response occur?

Answer 58

- lymphocytes are clonally selected and clear pathogen - majority of clonally selected cells become effector cells - small subset become memory cells

Question 59

What is secondary response?

Answer 59

subsequent exposure to same pathogen

Question 60

What does secondary response utilize?

Answer 60

memory cells

Question 61

What happens in secondary response?

Answer 61

cells respond immediately and clear pathogen before symptoms dvelop

Question 62

What is the foundation for vaccinations?

Answer 62

secondary response