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PT&X > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major things the NS do?

A

receiving
response
integration

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2
Q

what is the evolution of the NS?

A

from simple to complex

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3
Q

what is a ganglia?

A

a group of neurons together

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4
Q

what are the three germ layers of NS development?

A

ectoderm (remaining epiblast)
mesoderm (new layer)
endoderm

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5
Q

which germ layer does the NS develop from?

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

what does ectoderm layer becomes?

A

hair
skin
nails
NS

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7
Q

what does endoderm layer becomes?

A

digestive system
liver
pancreas
lungs, inner layers

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8
Q

what does mesoderm layer becomes?

A

circulatory system
lungs, epithelial layers
skeletal system
muscular system

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9
Q

what happens at week 4 of NS development?

A

when the plate fuses to form a tube = primary brain vesicles development:
- prosencephalon - forebrain
- mesencephalon - midbrain
- rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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10
Q

what happens at week 5 of NS development?

A

CLOSE OF CAUDAL NEUROPORE
secondary brain vesicle formation (5 total)
- telencephalon
-diencephalon
-mesencephalon
-metencephalon
-myelencephalon

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11
Q

why is folate important for NS development?

A

important for neural tube development
deficient causes no brain development or protrusion of spinal cord

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12
Q

what does spinal ganglia develop from?

A

neural crest cells

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13
Q

what does the brain comprise of?

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
pons
medulla oblongata
ventricular system

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14
Q

what does the brain stem comprise of?

A

mesencephalon
pons
medulla oblongata

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15
Q

what does the spinal cord comprise of?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

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16
Q

what are within the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemisphere
basal ganglia
lateral ventricle

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17
Q

what is the white matter made up of?

A

bundles of axons, proteins and lipids
axons are myelinated to protect axons and for faster signaling and conduction

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18
Q

what is grey matter made up of?

A

neuron cell bodies and dendrites

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19
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

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20
Q

what are the important structures within the frontal lobe?

A

lateral fissure
central sulcus

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21
Q

what is the function of frontal lobe?

A

voluntary movement
executive function
personality
social and moral reasoning
mood, self-awareness
memory, attention, language

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22
Q

what happen if the lateral fissure is damage?

A

there will be an increased in comprehension but decreased in speech motor. can comprehend but cannot delivery speech

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23
Q

what are the important structures in the parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus

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24
Q

what is the function of parietal lobe?

A

sensation and perception
integration and interpretation of sensory information

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25
Q

what are the important structures in temporal lobe?

A

lateral fissures
collateral sulcus

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26
Q

what are the functions of temporal lobe?

A

visual memory retention
language comprehension
auditory processing
olfactory sensation

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27
Q

what are the important structures in occipital lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus
preoccipital notch

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28
Q

what is the function of occipital lobe?

A

center for visual processing

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29
Q

what are the functions of the insular lobe?

A

desires, cravings and addiction

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30
Q

where is the insular lobe located?

A

the floor of the lateral sulcus

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31
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

part of the brain that’s responsible for emotional and behavioral response

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32
Q

what makes up the limbic system?

A

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal formation
hippocampal formation

hippocampus
thalamus
hypothalamus
amygdala

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33
Q

what is the function of the limbic system?

A

modulation of emotions
modulation of visceral and autonomic functions
cognitive
memory

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34
Q

where is the olfactory structure and its function?

A

at the bottom of the frontal lobe
function: olfactory sensation (smelling)

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35
Q

what comprise the olfactory structure?

A

olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity, olfactory nerve CN I and olfactory bulb

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36
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

a group of important structures in the middle of the brain

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37
Q

what comprise the basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
amygdaloid nuclear complex

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38
Q

what is the function of basal ganglia?

A

regulating voluntary and involuntary movement
mood
leaning and activities related to brain’s reward circuit

39
Q

what is the function of the lateral ventricle?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation - function as a cushion for the brain to float inside the skull

40
Q

what are the diencephalon?

A

the region of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gave rise to the forebrain. below telencephalon

41
Q

what are the important structures in the diencephalon?

A

epithalamus
thalamus
metathalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
third ventricle

42
Q

what is the function of epithalamus?

A

epithalamus has pineal body that secrets melatonin
and choroid plexus which produce CSF

43
Q

what is the function of thalamus?

A

it is the relay center, all sensory information must go thru thalamus before sending to the cerebral cortex for interpretation

44
Q

what is the function of metathalamus?

A

processing visual and auditory information

45
Q

what is the function of hypothalamus?

A

very important for endocrine system
maintain body homeostasis
interaction between NS and endocrine system
two important types of hormones:
- ADH for urination
-Oxytocin - contraction of the uterine during childbirth
control behavior like hungry and wanting to eat or not

46
Q

what is the function of subthalamus?

A

cognitive activities, sexuality, sensory and associative functions and voluntary motor activities

47
Q

what disease is associated with basal ganglia?

A

huntington’s disease - inherited neurological disorder that causes neurodegeneration primarily in the striatum. causes movement, thinking and psychiatric problems

48
Q

what disease is associated with limbic system

A

alzheimer’s diseases - loss of memory and other cognitive functions

49
Q

what disease is associated with mesencephalon (midbrain?)

A

parkinson’s disease - shaking, stiffness and difficulty walking, balance and coordination
TX - using dopamine receptor agonists

50
Q

what’s important about the mesencephalon?

A

red nucleus - for balance
substania migra - dopaminergic neurons, lesions leading to parkinson’s disease

51
Q

why is the pons important?

A

it contains all the fibers that goes from the brain down to the spinal cord and vice versa. the only pathway for the fibers to go thru

52
Q

what happens when there’s damage to the pons?

A

the brain and spinal cord cannot communicate so there will be no movement or sensation

53
Q

what are the important cranial nerves associated with pons?

A

trigeminal nerve
abducent nerve
facial nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve

54
Q

function of trigeminal nerve?

A

responsible for sending any sensory information felt on the face to the brain. pain, touch, temperature

55
Q

function of abducent nerve?

A

move the eye outward so we can look to the side

56
Q

function of facial nerve?

A

for facial expressions and sensory taste of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

57
Q

function of vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

for hearing sensation and balance

58
Q

why is the medulla oblongata important?

A

it’s important for survival because of all the important neurons that control things like heartbeat, breath are founded there

a stroke in the medulla can be fatal

59
Q

what are the functions of cerebellum?

A

coordinating movement
maintain balance
posture
predict
control muscle tone

60
Q

what happens when cerebellum is damaged?

A

causes scanning speech
tremor

61
Q

how many pairs of nerves are in the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs
- 8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

62
Q

what are the three layers of meginges?

A

pia mater
arachnoid mater -important for CSF circulation
dura mater
covers the brain for protection

63
Q

how much of blood and nutrients do the brain consume?

A

quarter of blood and nutrients

64
Q

what does the anterior horn in the spinal cord control?

A

movement

65
Q

what does the posterior horn in the spinal cord control?

A

sensory

66
Q

what is the function of the extrapyramidal system?

A

regulates movement
coordinate movement
control reflexes
locomotion
complex movement and postural control

67
Q

what happens if there’s damage to the pyramidal system?

A

loss of voluntary movement
paralysis
-stroke cause pyramidal system problems

68
Q

what happens if there’s damage to the extrapyramidal system?

A

problems with movement, cannot move smoothly

69
Q

what is a neuron?

A

a type of cell that can become
- excitable
-receive info
-transmit information thru synapse

70
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

substances which neurons use to communicate with one another and with their target tissues in the process of synaptic transmission

71
Q

what are excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

neurotransmitters that induce local depolarization, excitatory postsynaptic potential by opening ligand-gated ion channels

72
Q

what are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

induce local hypo-polarization, inhibitory postsynaptic potential

73
Q

what are some excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine
glutamate
catecholamines
norepi
epi
dopamine
nitric oxide

74
Q

what are some inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA - gamma-aminobutyric acid
glycine
serotonin
endorphins

75
Q

what’s the function of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

to excite or activate other neuron or effector cells

76
Q

what happens during depolarization?

A

the opening of sodium voltage-gated channel

77
Q

what is the charge of the membrane at resting state?

A

negatively charges for neuron at -70 milli volt

78
Q

what happens when there’s stimulus from excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

causes an influx of Ca2+ into the post synapse this increase the membrane potential from -70 to -50 or -55, this will activate the voltage-gated Na+ channels which will have an influx of Na+ which will cause less negatively charged membrane potential

79
Q

what happens when membrane potential is going up?

A

it will activates and opens up the K+ voltage-gated channels = efflux of K+ this will reverts the membrane potential back to negative charge since positive is leaving the cell

80
Q

what’s called when there’s an increased in membrane potential?

A

depolarization

81
Q

what happens when the membrane potential reaches +30?

A

the voltage-gated Na+ channels close

82
Q

what happens when membrane potential is going back to baseline?

A

repolarization

83
Q

what direction is action potential?

A

uni-directional

84
Q

what does the speed of transmission depends on?

A

the diameter of the axon

85
Q

what drug classes control GABA receptors?

A

barbiturate and benzodiazepine

86
Q

what does activation of GABA receptors do?

A

causes sedation

87
Q

what does barbiturate do?

A

increased opening period of receptors aka duration

88
Q

what does benzo do?

A

increase the intensity

89
Q

which ions have an influx during an inhibitory membrane potential?

A

Cl- influx

90
Q

which excitatory receptor is the fast type?

A

AMPAR

91
Q

which excitatory receptor is the slow but robust type?

A

NMDAR

92
Q

which type of ion is AMPAR?

A

Na+

93
Q

which type of ion is NMDAR?

A

Ca2+

PT&X (13 decks)

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