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BIOL1203 > UNIT 2 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM I > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM I Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of a circulatory system (3)

A
  • Deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells
  • Remove waste materials
  • Distribute hormones
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2
Q

3 major systems of circulatory system

A

Blood, blood vessels, heart

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3
Q

Blood

A

Fluid portion of circulatory system pumped by the heart throughout the body through blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). Humans have approximately 6L of blood and makes up 7-8% of body weight

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4
Q

Principle functions of blood (3):

A
  • Transportation: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes
  • Regulatory: pH, temperature, osmotic (water/salt) balance
  • Protection & defense: Phagocytosis, antibodies, clotting
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5
Q

2 major components of blood

A

55% Fluid (plasma) and 45% cellular

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6
Q

Plasma components (6)

A
  • Water
  • Ions (blood electrolytes); Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Bicarbonate
  • Plasma proteins; albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin (antibodies)
  • Nutrients; glucose, fatty acids, vitamins
  • Respiratory gases; O2, CO2
  • Hormones
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7
Q

Plasma functions (5)

A
  • Carry cells of blood in circulation
  • Transport nutrients to tissues and carry away waste materials
  • Maintain acid-base balance of blood
  • Effect intracellular communication through transport of hormones
  • Defense functions through clotting and transport antibodies
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8
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein manufactured by the liver and serve as binding proteins and transport fatty acids/steroid hormones

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Produced by the liver essential for blood clotting

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10
Q

Globulin

A

3 subgroups (alpha, beta, gamma globulin). Alpha and beta transport iron, lipids, fat soluble vitamins and gamma globulin involved in immunity/antibodies

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11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Large molecule made up of proteins and irons consisting of 4 folded chains of protein called globin bound to reg pigment called Heme

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12
Q

Cellular components (3)

A
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • Leukocyte (WBC)
  • Platelets
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13
Q

RBC (erythrocyte)

A

Transports O2 and some CO2, and aids in blood clotting. Makes up the largest portion of cellular component

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14
Q

RBC structure

A

A-nucleate, bi-concave disc packed with 280 million hemoglobin per cell and capable of transporting 4 oxygen molecules

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15
Q

How long does a RBC last

A

120 days

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16
Q

RBC production stimulus

A

Low oxygen supply stimulates the production of more erythrocyte(negative feedback loop)

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17
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone from the kidney that stimulates red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

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18
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in bone marrow

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19
Q

Pluripotent stem cell

A

An immature stem cell capable of giving rise to several different cell types found in bone marrow. Can differentiate into lymphoid stem cell or myeloid stem cell

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20
Q

Lymphoid stem cell

A

Makes up 15% of cells in healthy bone marrow and matures into B cells or T cells (lymphocytes; WBC)

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21
Q

Myeloid stem cell

A

Matures into all blood cells except lymphoid cells, RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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22
Q

WBC (leukocyte)

A

Defense via phagocytosis and immunity. Less numerous than RBC and makes up 1% of total blood volume and consists of two basic types; granulocytes, agranulocytes

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23
Q

How long do WBC live

A

Typically only a few days. However, lymphocytes live for months or years

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24
Q

Granulocyte

A

Neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils

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25
Q

Agranulocyte

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

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26
Q

Neutrophils

A

Kill bacteria, fungi, foreign debris

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27
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Fight virus and make antibodies

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28
Q

Monocyte

A

Clean up damaged cells

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29
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill parasites, cancer cells and involved in allergic response

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30
Q

Basophils

A

Involved in allergic response

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31
Q

Leukocyte proportion count (6)

A
  • Neutrophils 60-70%
  • Lymphocytes 20-25%
  • Monocytes 3-8%
  • Eosinophils 2-4%
  • Basophils 0.5-1%
    = Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
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32
Q

Why is leukocyte count important

A

Each leukocyte has a definite purpose and seeing changes in specific types can help diagnose a problem

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33
Q

Leucocytosis

A

When the WBC count is greater than 10,000/ul which indicates an infectious process or cancer

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34
Q

Leucopenia

A

When the WBC count is less than 5,000/ul which indicates a severe disease (AIDS, bone marrow failure, severe malnutrition, chemotherapy)

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35
Q

Acute bacterial infections

A

Increase neutrophils

36
Q

Chronic infections

A

Increase monocytes

37
Q

Antigen/antibody or viral infections

A

Increases lymphocytes and monocytes

38
Q

Allergic reactions

A

Increase eosinophils and basophils

39
Q

Parasitic infestation

A

Increase eosinophils

40
Q

Hemoglobin test

A

Blood is hemolysed (RBCs are broken up) and the intensity of the red color of the resultant fluid is compared to standard

41
Q

Normal range of hemoglobin test

A

12-19g/100mL of blood

42
Q

Centrifugation

A

A method to separate different components of blood

43
Q

Hematocrit determination

A

Measures volume of RBC relative to total volume of blood (Volume of red blood cells (mm)/total sample volume (mm))

44
Q

Normal values for hematocrit determination male and female:

A
  • Males: 40-54% (average 47%) due to higher levels of testosterone that stimulate RBC formation
  • Females 38-46% (average 42%) due to lower levels of testosterone and menstrual blood loss
45
Q

Anemia

A

Lower than normal values of RBC

46
Q

Polycythemia

A

Higher than normal levels of RBC

47
Q

Platelet

A

Forms blood clotting to limit blood loss

48
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Hematopoietic cells responsible for production of platelets

49
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Condition in which there are too many platelets

50
Q

How viscous is blood compared to water

A

Blood is about 4-5 times more viscous than water

51
Q

Cause of blood viscosity (2)

A
  • Number of erythrocytes
  • Amount of albumins
52
Q

Hemostasis

A

Reduction and stoppage of blood loss from a damaged blood vessel

53
Q

3 mechanisms of hemostasis:

A
  • Vascular spasm (constriction of blood vessel)
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Activation of blood clotting (coagulation)
54
Q

Vascular spasm (3)

A
  • First response of a damaged artery
  • Smooth muscle contraction in walls of blood vessel reduces blood flow prevents excessive blood loss until long term mechanisms take effect
  • Effective for up to 30 minutes to a few hours
55
Q

Platelet plug formation (2)

A
  • Platelets stick to collagen fibers on damaged vessel walls
  • Platelets activate and swell, extend projections and become sticky and release chemicals to cause other vascular spasms and make other platelets sticky
56
Q

Blood consistency inside and outside body

A

Liquidy inside blood vessel but thick and gel like (blood clot) when removed from body

57
Q

Serum

A

A clear yellowish fluid that remains after blood has clotted

58
Q

2 types of clotting pathways:

A
  • Extrinsic pathway
  • Intrinsic pathway
59
Q

Extrinsic pathway (2)

A
  • Inury to epithelial tissue (skin tissue), blood leaves the vessel = fast clot formation
  • Injury to the skin exposes tissue factor (thromboplastin) to the blood which converts plasma protein factor X into prothrombinase with help of Ca2+
  • Activated by tissue factor
60
Q

Intrinsic pathway (4)

A
  • Damage inside blood vessel and no blood leaves the blood vessel but exposes the connective tissue of blood vessel = slow clot formation (several min)
  • Platelets break down releasing Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) in blood
  • PF3 activates Factor XII a plasma protein
  • Factor XII converts Factor X into prothrombinase with help of Ca2+
  • Activated by blood factor
61
Q

Prothrombin

A

Inactive enzyme in plasma. Serves as precursor for thrombin for blood clotting

62
Q

Prothrombinase

A

Enzyme that converts prothrombin into thrombin

63
Q

Thrombin

A

Main enzyme of blood clotting that converts fibrinogen into fibrin

64
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Soluble clotting protein in plasma

65
Q

Fibrin

A

Insoluble thread like protein that forms a net across wound and trap platelets and RBC to stop bleeding and creating environment for repair

66
Q

Clot retraction

A

Shrinking of blood clot and edges of blood vessel walls slowly brought closer together for repair

67
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis (3)

A
  • Thrombus
  • Embolus
  • Haemophilia
68
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot in an unbroken blood vessel formed from platelets adhering to sites of inflammation

69
Q

Embolus

A

Any piece of cell debris carried by blood flow (eg. Air bubble, fat droplet, endothelium)

70
Q

Haemophilia

A

Genetic deficiency of the production of clotting factor (cant form clots properly)

71
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Chemical inhibitors of blood clotting (preventing blood clot)

72
Q

Types of anticoagulants (5)

A
  • Antithrombin
  • Heparin
  • Warfarin
  • Activated protein C (APC)
  • Prostacyclin
73
Q

Antithrombin

A

Inactivates thrombin

74
Q

Heparin

A

Inactivates thrombin

75
Q

Warfarin

A

Interferes with action of vitamin K

76
Q

Aspirin

A

Inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggression

77
Q

What type of mechanism is blood clotting

A

Positive feedback. Stimulus is being intensified since once thrombin is formed, it stimulates the production of more thrombin and activates more platelets

78
Q

Why doesn’t clotting spread (3)

A
  • Clotting factors rapidly diluted in fast flowing blood
  • Inhibition of activated clotting factors
  • Once the clot is formed, the thrombin is bound to the fibrin it forms and inactivated by anti-thrombin and heparin
79
Q

Thrombolytic agents

A

Substances that help dissolve blood clots once they form by activating plasminogen into plasmin

80
Q

Plasmin

A

Enzyme that degrades fibrin

81
Q

Plasminogen

A

Inactive form of plasmin that is incorporated into clots as it forms

82
Q

Vitamin K (3)

A
  • Required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors
  • Produced by large intestine bacteria and absorbed through lining of intestine
  • Stimulates liver to produce prothrombin more meaning more thrombin resulting in faster clot formation
83
Q

Affects of vitamin K deficiency

A

Bruising and prolonged bleeding

84
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel

85
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

86
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

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