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BIOL1203 > UNIT 9 - URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

UNIT 9 - URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney

A

Two bean shaped organs about the size of a fist located against the posterior back wall (right peritoneal) where the right kidney is lower than the left. It is covered by a fibrous capsule composed of dense irregular connective tissue

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2
Q

Renal fat pad

A

Shock absorbing layer of adipose layer that covers the capsule of kidney

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3
Q

Functions of the kidney (8)

A
  • Maintaining ACID-base balance
  • Maintaining WATER balance
  • ELECTROLYTE balance
  • TOXIN removal (urea, uric acid)
  • BLOOD pressure control
  • Making ERYTHROPOIETIN
  • Vitamin D metabolism
  • = A WET BED
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4
Q

Paired ureters

A

Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine (approx. 700-800mL)

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6
Q

Urethra

A

Transports urine from the bladder out of the body

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7
Q

Male urethra

A

Passes through the prostate gland located immediately inferior (below) bladder and also serves as the duct where semen is discharged

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8
Q

Female urethra

A

Short in length (4cm) which is the reason why many women get UTI’s

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9
Q

Layers of the kidney (3)

A
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal medulla
  • Renal pelvis
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10
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer layer of the kidney that filters blood

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11
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner layer of the kidney that contains renal pyramids where urine formation takes place

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12
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Hollow portion in the middle of each kidney collect urine as its produced

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13
Q

Path of urine drainage (6)

A
  • Collecting duct
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Urinary bladder
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14
Q

Collecting duct:

A

Consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect nephrons to minor calyx or directly to renal pelvis

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15
Q

Blood supply of kidney

A

1/4 (1200mL) of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute and the entire blood volume of the body is filtered by the kidneys 60 times a day

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16
Q

Pathway of blood through renal blood vessels (15)

A
  • Aorta
  • Renal artery
  • Segmental artery
  • Interlobar artery
  • Arcuate artery
  • Cortical radiate artery
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Cortical radilate vein
  • Arcuate vein
  • Interlobar vein
  • Renal vein
  • Inferior vena cava
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17
Q

Nephron

A

Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney and consists of a million filtering units on the kidney; has a vascular & tubular component

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18
Q

Vascular components of nephron (5)

A
  • Renal arteries & arterioles
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillary
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19
Q

Tubular components of nephron (5)

A
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle; descending limb & ascending limb
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting ducts
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20
Q

3 basic systems in urine formation:

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
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21
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Use of passive pressure to force fluids and solutes into Bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Two walled pouch that covers the glomerulus and filters all blood components except blood cells and most proteins

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23
Q

Reasons why glomerular filtration is efficient (3)

A
  • Filtration membrane is thin & very permeable
  • Glomerular blood pressure is higher than that in Bowman’s capsule
  • Glomerular capillaries present a large surface area
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24
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Process by which about 99% water and most solutes are removed from the tubular fluid and returned to blood stream (160L a day), can be active transport, facilitated, or simple diffusion based on size

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25
Q

Why is tubular reabsorption called reabsorption and not absorption

A

Because these substances have been absorbed previously, usually in the intestines

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26
Q

Tubular reabsorption breakdown (4)

A
  • 65% reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule
  • 16% reabsorption in limb of Henle
  • 10-15% reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule
  • 5-9% in collecting duct
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27
Q

What is reabsorbed along the length of the nephron (generally) (6):

A
  • Water
  • Salts (Na+, CL-)
  • Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
  • Ions (Ca2+, K+)
  • Urea 50%
  • Glucose and amino acids (only in PCT)
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28
Q

What is reabsorbed along the length of the nephron (PCT) (5)

A
  • Water
  • Salt
  • Bicarbonate ion
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
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29
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Long U-shaped loop that carries filtered fluid down to medulla and back to cortex to reabsorb water and salts

30
Q

Descending limb (downward path)

A

Absorbtion water = fluid more concentrated

31
Q

Ascending limb (upwards path)

A

Absorbtion of salt = fluid less concentrated

32
Q

Thicker portion of ascending limb

A

Region that actively pumps out salt to make medulla even saltier

33
Q

Result of loop of Henle

A

By the end of the loop, reabsorption of both water and salt has occurred so that the filtrate at the very end of loop is diluted

34
Q

Important hormones for reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule (2):

A
  • Aldosterone: Water, NaCl
  • Parathyroid hormone: Calcium
35
Q

Important hormones for reabsorption at the collecting duct (2):

A
  • ADH: Water
  • Aldosterone: Urea, NaCl
36
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Process of transporting solutes into the renal tubule to be excreted in the urine

37
Q

Importance of tubular secretion (4)

A
  • Disposing of substances not already in filtrate
  • Eliminating undesirable substances (eg. Urea, uric acid)
  • Ridding the body of excess potassium ions
  • Controlling blood pH
38
Q

Water

A

Reabsorbed throughout nephron, secreted through collecting duct

39
Q

Sodium

A

Reabsorbed throughout PCT & ascending limb , secreted through DCT & collecting duct

40
Q

Potassium

A

Reabsorbed though PCT & ascending limb, secreted through DCT & collecting duct

41
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

Secreted through PCT & collecting duct

42
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Reabsorbed through PCT & DCT

43
Q

Glucose

A

Reabsorbed in PCT

44
Q

Urea

A

Reabsorbed in PCT & collecting duct, secreted in ascending limb

45
Q

Chemical compositions of urine

A

Urine is made of 95% water and 5% solutes (urea, sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate)

46
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver as a result of protein metabolism

47
Q

Uric acid

A

Waste product formed during the breakdown of nucleic acids

48
Q

Factors that affect urination (voiding) (9)

A
  • Food/fluid intake + loss
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Body temperature
  • General health
  • Stress
  • Activity
  • Life style
  • Medication
49
Q

Average amount of urine per day

A

1 to 2L per day

50
Q

Average amount of urine per hour

A

Output of 50-60mL per hour is normal, an output of less than 30mL per hour could indicate kidney failure

51
Q

Specific gravity

A

Measures density of a substance in comparison to density of water

52
Q

Urine pH average

A

Range is 5.0-7.8 and variations are closely related to diet as well as factors such as high altitude, fasting, and exercise (high protein = acidic, high vegetable diet = basic)

53
Q

2 most important hormones regulating urine volume and composition

A

ADH and aldosterone

54
Q

Diuresis

A

Physiological process by which urine production in the kidneys is increased

55
Q

ADH

A

Produced by the hypothalamus, released by the posterior pituitary gland and affects the ability of kidney to reabsorb water

56
Q

Stimulation for ADH

A

Increased plasma osmolarity, fall in blood volume

57
Q

Results of ADH action (4)

A
  • Blood volume increases
  • Blood osmolarity falls
  • Urine volume decreases
  • Urine solute concentration increases
58
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in walls of afferent arterioles that deliver blood to glomerulus and synthesize, store, and secrete enzyme renin

59
Q

Renin

A

Regulates blood pressure

60
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone released by adrenal glands that help regulate blood pressure by managing levels of sodium and potassium in blood

61
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

62
Q

Stimulation of aldosterone

A

Blood volume decrease, decrease in blood Na+, and increase in plasma K+ directly on adrenal cortex

63
Q

Blood pressure decrease regulation

A

Renin –> angiotensin II –> aldosterone

64
Q

Results of aldosterone action (3)

A
  • Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
  • Water reabsorption
  • Secretion of K+ and H+ in collecting ducts
65
Q

Aldosterone effects on blood

A

Increased volume, increased Na+, reduced K+, and increased pH (basic)

66
Q

Aldosterone effect on urine

A

Reduced volume, reduced Na+, Increased K+ and increased H+

67
Q

ADH and aldosterone both increase water reabsorption but how are they different

A

ADH responds to increase in blood osmolarity, and aldosterone responds to decrease in blood pressure/volume

68
Q

Micturition reflex

A

Bladder to bladder contraction reflex

69
Q

Process of micturition reflex (5)

A
  • When bladder is full, stretch receptors signal micturition centre in sacral spinal cord to trigger micturition reflex
  • Reflex signal is sent to smooth muscle in bladder wall and internal sphincter
  • Bladder wall contracts and internal sphincter relaxes
  • External sphincter (skeletal muscle) also relaxes
  • Voiding results
70
Q

Nervous control of micturition

A

We can sense the bladder being full before the reflex actually occurs and adults can consciously keep external sphincter contracted even when the reflex occurs which keeps the internal sphincter contracted = no urination

71
Q

How much urine does it take for micturition to occur

A

500ml to 600ml and greater

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

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