Lec 2/3

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Discipline of naming organisms and placing them into a classification

Question 2

Cladistic phylogenetic systematics

Answer 2

Discipline of discovering relationships among organisms and organizing them based on those relationships

(creating bins based off relationships)

Question 3

Folk taxonomy

Answer 3

All languages simply had a name for an organism

These names can differ across cultures

Does not correspond to formal scientific classification

Question 4

The Linnaean System

Answer 4

Hierarchical system where organisms were grouped together on the basis of similarity

Was refined over time

Question 5

Taxons of the Linnaean system

Answer 5

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 6

Linnaean Binomial

Answer 6

Genus (starting with a capital) followed by species (all lowercase) followed by brackets that contain the person who named the species and the year the species was named

Question 7

Evolutionary taxonomy

Answer 7

Developed by several generations following Charles Darwin’s “Origin of Species”

Used Linnaean ranks, but introduced the idea that supraspecific taxa were groups of similar and related species

Question 8

Supraspecific taxa

Answer 8

Taxa above the species level

Question 9

Evolution taxonomy led to

Answer 9

The creation of the first traditional evolutionary tree

Question 10

Traditional evolutionary tree

Answer 10

Taxa can be defined in terms of which parts of the tree they encompass

Question 11

Cladistic (Phylogenetic) systematics four key principles in finding relationships

Answer 11

Evolutionary relationships are represented by a tree of diverging branches, with species at the tips

Supraspecific taxa are groups of closely related species, corresponding to major branches

To build a tree, species are grouped together based on shared derived features

Ancestors are never specified, but always treated as hypothetical entities corresponding to nodes

Question 12

Group

Answer 12

Members of a clade

Question 13

Clade

Answer 13

Branch on a cladogram

Question 14

Phylogenetic Tree Vs Cladograms

Answer 14

Phylogenetic trees include time and depict hypotheses of evolutionary history while cladograms only concern about the relationship among taxa

Question 15

Problems with Linnaean Ranks

Answer 15

Non-equivalence of ranked across taxonomic groups

Not enough ranks to accommodate every taxon biologists might want to discuss

Question 16

Rankless Classification

Answer 16

Taxa still for a nested hierarchy but ranks are not specified

Binomials are still used

Rankless classifications are much more flexible and better justified philosophically