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HSCI 120 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical communicators used throughout the body to send messages from the brain.

A

hormones

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2
Q

A system of hormones

A

endocrine

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3
Q

part of the body that releases and makes hormones

A

gonads

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4
Q

Hormones released by organs to communicate back to the brain

A

feedback signals

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5
Q

Main sex hormones in the body

A

androgens, estrogens and progestogens

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6
Q

Secondary sex hormones

A

oxytocin (happy and loved) and vasopressin (strong relationship bonding)

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7
Q

Are sex hormones only present in one ore the other sex?

A

no, both biological males and females have the same hormones

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8
Q

Are the sex hormones only related to sexual functioning?

A

no, they also are involved in brain development

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9
Q

Sex hormone production is regulated by what mechanism in the brain

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gondal axis

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10
Q

When the reproductive system development begins and takes places over many years.

A

puberty

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11
Q

What is female reproduction called

A

menstrual cycle

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12
Q

Phase of the menstrual cycle that causes the gonadotropic hormone levels to rise, ovulation to occur, estrogen rises, and menstrual lining to thicken

A

follicular phase

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13
Q

Post ovulation phase where progesterone is produced

A

luteal phase

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14
Q

What causes both progesterone and estrogen to decline and what is the result of the decline

A

lack of fertilization and menstration

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15
Q

A mood disorder that is linked to the phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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16
Q

Is PMDD related to hormones?

A

no, since there was no change in the women’s mood when given estrogen or progesterone treatments

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17
Q

What is the purpose of testosterone in males?

A

the production of sperm

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18
Q

What are the four phases of the sexual response cycle?

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution

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19
Q

What occurs to males during excitement?

A

erection occurs which causes the skin of the scrotum to pull put to the body, heart rate and blood pressure increases, erection can be lost if distracted

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20
Q

what occurs to females during excitement?

A

vagina lubercates, clitoral glands become erect, labia majora separates, labia minor swell and darken, vagina expands in length, and increase in heart rate

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21
Q

what occurs to males during plateau ?

A

full erection, secretion of pre-ejaculate, prostate enlarges, glands darken, testicles elevate, muscle tension, everything increases

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22
Q

what occurs to females during plateau

A

vagina swells reducing opening size, external clit retracts, uterus is elevated, labia minora engorges with blood, muscles tense,

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23
Q

what occurs to males during orgasm

A

muscles spasms, pelvic contractions

24
Q

Male pelvic contractions are rhymic, what are the rhyms ?

A

emission: internal organs contract to cause semen build up
expulsion: muscle at penis force semen out.

25
Q

what happens to females during orgasm?

A

rthymic contractions along lower third of vagina, uterus contracts, muscle tension, heart rate increases

26
Q

what happens to males during resolution?

A

flaccid, scrotum relaxes, testicles reduce in size, everything slows,

27
Q

what happens to females during resolution

A

return to unaroused state, clitoris might be sensitive to touch for 5 minutes after

28
Q

How long does resolution take =?

A

resolution usually does not take long, but this all depends on age and if orgasm was achieved

29
Q

period of time post ograsm where another orgasm cannot occur

A

refractory period

30
Q

Female refractory period

A

females do not have a refractory period because not all females orgasm during intercourse

31
Q

Glands at the top of the kidney that secretes sex hormones

A

adrenal glands

32
Q

main gland in the brain that sends hormonal signals to other glands

A

anterior pituitary gland

33
Q

part of the brain that regulates sex hormones

A

hypothalamic pituitary gondola axis

34
Q

The regulator hormone of the sexual hormone cycle

A

GnRH

35
Q

Male sexual hormone cycle

A
  1. hypothalamus releases GnRH to the pituitary gland
  2. the anterior pituitary gland releases LH and FSH
  3. LH causes interstitial cells to release testosterone which causes secondary sex characteristics to develop and sends inhibitory signals
  4. FSH cauces synthesis of androgen-binding protein which binds to testosterone to accumulate for spermatogenesis and produces inhibin
36
Q

Female sex hormone cycle

A
  1. uterus lining sheds
  2. low estrogen stimulates production of GnRh
  3. GnRH stimulates production of FSH and LH
  4. FSH causes follicle to develop and estrogen production and the endometrium to thicken
  5. LH causes egg maturation
  6. rising estrogen causes negative feedback loop so LH spikes and FHS to decrease, so non dominate follicles die
  7. Egg matures and follicular collapse occurs
    8 ovulation occurs after LH spike and progesterum releases and corpus Ludlum forms
  8. endometrium either causes progesterone to decline or rise depending on fertilization
37
Q

When does the reproductive cycle start?

A

puberty

38
Q

First phase of the female reproduction cycle which stimulates growth of the lining

A

follicular phase

39
Q

second phase of the female reproduction cycle that increases the amount of hormones produced

A

luteal phase

40
Q

A mood disorder where a female experiences extreme mood changes in relation of the phases of the menstrual cycle

A

premenstrual dysporic disorder

41
Q

What is the issue with premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

no direct link between ovarian hormones and mood have been found, hence, the fluctuations of mood in relation to the menstrual cycle might be completely coincidental

42
Q

Hormone that influences arousal and is strongly related to libido in men and women.

A

androgens

43
Q

Hormone that influences a women’s libido and menstrual cycle

A

estrogen

44
Q

how does social factors effect androgen levels?

A

sexual activity can increase testosterone levels in women and physical closeness, partner and relationship status can effect testosterone in men and women

45
Q

how does sexual activity effect cortisol?

A

it decreases cortisol

46
Q

a hormone that is associated with childbirth, lactation, maternal behaviour, and bonding

A

oxytocin

47
Q

smells that act outside of the body to effect social behaviour of others

A

pheromones

48
Q

A gland that produces pheromones in humans

A

apocrine glands

49
Q

where are the apocrine glands are located

A

armpit, pubic areas, and body regions that become active during puberty

50
Q

Four categories of pheromones

A

territorial, menstrual, sexual and maternal/infant

51
Q

A possible way for women to communicate genetic capability and genetic makeup to sexual partners

A

major histocompatibility complex

52
Q

A period of fluctuating estrogen and progestogen levels leading up the the end of menstruation

A

perimenopausal

53
Q

When menstruation has stoped for 12 or more months

A

menopausal

54
Q

Sexual symptoms of perimenopause

A

decline in sexual interest, function, libido sexual activity, sexual responsiveness, enjoyment and orgasm

55
Q

What leads to declining sexual desire in women?

A

lowering estradiol levels

56
Q
A

HSCI 120 (13 decks)

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