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Microbiology > Chapter 9 (Microbial Genetics) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Microbial Genetics) Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is _(3)

A

ds
deoxyribose
A,G,C,T bases

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2
Q

RNA is __(3)

A

ss
ribose
A.G,C,U

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3
Q

the genome is the __

A

overall genetic composition

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4
Q

Plasmids can carry genes for __

A

toxins

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5
Q

Base is always added to the ____ prime carbon

A

1

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6
Q

A nucleoside has

A

sugar + base

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7
Q

A necleotide (which is the building blocks to DNA and RNA) has

A

sugar + base + 1-3 Phosphate
or
ns + 1-3 phosphate

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8
Q

replication starts at the ___ and ends at the ___

A

origin
termination

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9
Q

Bacteria replicates bidirectional meaning __

A

it gomes both clockwise and counter when replicating (in a circle)

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10
Q

Eukaryotes are bidirection when they duplicate, but they are ___

A

linear

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11
Q

There are two types of sugars which are _____. the one with the sole hydrogen is ___

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

deoxyribose

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12
Q

There are two types of bases which are _____. the first consists of __ and the second consists of ___

A

purines (A,G… pure silver)
pyrimidines (C,U,T… cut pry??)

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13
Q

In the DNA strucure, it running in opposite directions is called _. Mother DNA runs ___ where daughter DNA runs ___

A

anti parallel
5 prime to 3 prime
3 prime to 5 prime

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14
Q

out of ATGC, what are the complement pairings?

A

A=T
G=C(stronger bond?….number of hydrogen bonds?)

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15
Q

Flow of genetic DNA goes from. It is ___ vs conservative and ___

A

DNA to RNA to Protein
(replication) (transcription)(translation)

semiconservative
bidirectional

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16
Q

What enzyme uncodes DNA before it starts replicating

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q
A

C

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18
Q
A

D

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19
Q
A

D

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20
Q
A

D

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21
Q
A

D

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22
Q

Constitutive genes are

A

a fixed rate

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23
Q

Regulated genes are not __

A

1)Inducible (off ->(inducer(small org. mol.)) on)
2)repressible (on->(repressor(protein)) off)

24
Q

Operons are

A

Two or more genes under a single promoter

25
Q

The central region of an operon… Promoter is __…Operator is ___

A

1) RNA polymerase binds
2)repressor protein binds

26
Q

The structural genes of a operon __

A

code for proteins

27
Q

Lactose contains

A

Glucose-Galactose

28
Q

(Lac operon) Off means that _

A

Glucose present, lac is absent and repressor binds to O

29
Q

(Lac operon) on means that _

A

Glucose absent, lactose present, allolactose (inducer) binds to R so that it’s not bound to operator

30
Q

Lac Z:

A

Beta Galactosidase

1) converts lactose -> Allolactose
2) converts lactose -> glucose + galactose

31
Q

Lac Y:

A

-Permease
-fxn: brings lactose into cell

32
Q

Lac A:

A

Transacetylase
Fxn: we don’t know

33
Q

Arg Operon + Trip Operon

A

Arg = arginine ; trp = tryptophan

Excess arg + trp serve as coR that bind to R making it bind to O

34
Q

Mutation is a

A

change in DNA sequence

35
Q

Substitution (point mutation) is _. There are three types which are

A

a change Int of DNA

1) Silient = delta codon -> same aa
2) missense = delta codon -> different aa
3) nonsese = delta codon -> stop codon

36
Q

Frameshift is a _. There are two subsets which are _

A

shift in reading frame

1) insertion = I+nt
2) deetion = I +nt

37
Q

Mutsgrn is _

A

a physical, chemical, or biological agent that increases the rate of muation

38
Q

Carcinogen is a

A

mutagen that causes cancer

39
Q

Pre-carcinogen is a

A

converted by body to become carcinogen

40
Q
A

A) 1) repressor
2)Operator
3) repressor
4) Transcription

B) 1)corepressor
2)repressor
3)operator

41
Q
A

C

42
Q
A

C

43
Q
A

1) convert lac into allolactose
2) and convert into glucose and galactose

44
Q
A

C

45
Q
A

C

46
Q

Conjugation is in

A

One direction

47
Q

Conjugation =

A

physical contact b/t D t R
by a sex pilus
D: F*, carries the F factor/plasmid F= fertility
R: F-

48
Q

F+ x F- Mating

A

D: F+
R: F- -> F+

49
Q

Hfr x F- Mating

A

D: Hfr
R: F- -> F- w/ some of D’s chromosomes
Recomb. may occur

50
Q
  1. Transformation =
A

uptake of DNA trum environ
1928 - Fredersek Griffith
2 strains of Streptococcus precimonice
0 5 = smooth, capsule, virulent
R= rough, no capsule, nonvirulent

51
Q

Transdcuction =

A

via a virus/phage
D: bact, DNA package into a
(=transducing phage)
R: Recomb. may occur

52
Q
A

B

53
Q
A

C

54
Q
A

A

55
Q
A

F

Microbiology (18 decks)

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