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li introduction to social and differential psychology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is differential psychology?

A

the study of observable differences between individuals, in terms of their underlying psychological determinants

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2
Q

idiographic vs nomothetic

A

qualitative vs quantitative

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3
Q

what are the three pillars of differential psychology?

A

intelligence
personality
interests

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4
Q

intelligence

A

general ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, learn quickly and from experiences

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5
Q

personality

A

dynamic organisation within the individual of their psychophysical systems that determines their unique adjustment to the environment

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6
Q

interests

A

the extent to which individuals prefer certain choices, activities, or behaviours

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7
Q

what applications can differential psychology have?

A
  • health behaviours
  • clinical/abnormal behaviours
  • educational
  • occupational
  • relationships (social and developmental)
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8
Q

what is social psychology?

A

the scientific study of the way people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others

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9
Q

what does social influence consist of?

A

the effect that words/actions/presence of others has on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviours

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10
Q

what level can social influence exist on?

A

smaller/dyadic level, e.g., how family/partner influences self view

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11
Q

what other disciplines is social psychology related to?

A

personality psychology

sociology

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12
Q

level of analysis for personality psychology

A

enduring characteristics that are consistent across situations

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13
Q

level of analysis for social psychology

A

studying mind/behaviour of individuals in their social context

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14
Q

level of analysis for sociology

A

how society is organised/the study of people living together

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15
Q

methods and analysis in social psychology

A
  • focus on context
  • experimental design
  • manipulation of social situations
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16
Q

methods and analysis in differential psychology

A
  • focus on person
  • correlational design
  • measurement of psychological properties
17
Q

what is the replication crisis?

A

both social and differential psychology have issues with whether longstanding findings can be replicated

18
Q

why are there issues with replication?

A
  1. lack of unified theory due to student and convenience samples
  2. small effect sizes
  3. study focus on variables over holistic person
19
Q

lewin, 1936

A

behaviour = function of (person, environment)

20
Q

funder, 2006

A

behaviour = function of (person, situation)

21
Q

what was mischel’s (1968) argument?

A

argued a situationist critique of personality, as trait/personality had an effect size of r=0.3 and accounted for less than 10% of the variance in behaviour

22
Q

ross (1977) and the fundamental attribution error

A

there is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which behaviour is due to internal, dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors

23
Q

what did the milgram experiments show?

A

people are significantly influenced by the power of social situation, to an unexpected degree

24
Q

criticism of mischel’s situationist argument

A

behaviour is most likely a result of a combination of traits and characteristics that are present, rather than one specific trait

25
Q

what did ahadi and diener (1989) find?

A

multiple traits are needed to understand behaviourfu

26
Q

funder and ozer (1983) found that…

A

social psychology studies produce effects of similar magnitude to situational studies
- their influence cannot be distinguished based on effect size

27
Q

conceptual complication

A

it is difficult to exclusively attribute causality to either the person or the situation

28
Q

how did ross (1977) attempt to attribute cause?

A

individuals all behave in the same way -> caused by situation

individuals vary in behaviour -> caused by disposition

29
Q

what is interactionism?

A

considering the person and situation together rather than separately

30
Q

multiplicative effects

A

behaviour = personality + situation

31
Q

interactive effects

A

behaviour = person x situation

statistical/mechanical interactionism

dynamic (ongoing) interactionism

32
Q

what is an example of interactionism?

A

trait activation theory and situation-specificity

  • traits are expressed in behaviour in reaction to trait-relevant situational cues

li introduction to social and differential psychology (9 decks)

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