Intergroup Behaviour

Question 1

what are stereotypes (cognitive)?

Answer 1

shared and simplified evaluative image beliefs of a social group, which can be exaggerated and generalised

Question 2

what is prejudice (affective)?

Answer 2

unfavourable attitudes towards a social group and its members, originating from perceiving them as a threat to own group

Question 3

what is discrimination (behavioural)?

Answer 3

behavioural expression of prejudice, where people are treated differently based on their group membership

Question 4

old-fashioned racism

Answer 4

blatant, negative, and unfair

Question 5

aversive racism

Answer 5

holds both egalitarian attitudes and negative emotions towards outgroups

Question 6

hostile sexism

Answer 6

women are irrational and inferior

Question 7

benevolent sexism

Answer 7

positive attitudes towards traditional idealised female roles

Question 8

how can prejudice be measured?

Answer 8

using self-reports (blatant or subtle) or behavioural measures to assess attitude discrimination and stereotyping

Question 9

measuring prejudice involves

Answer 9

implicit cognition and implicit association test

Question 10

individual differences in prejudice: authoritarianism

Answer 10

authoritarian personalities can predispose people to prejudice as a consequence of overstrict parenting, which displaces aggression towards minority or low-status groups

Question 11

individual differences in prejudice: social dominance

Answer 11

shows a preference for group-based hierarchy and inequality from those holding more power in society

Question 12

individual level approaches

Answer 12

stereotype suppression

cues

implicit bias

Question 13

stereotype suppression

Answer 13

actively inhibits stereotypic thoughts

• has an unintended rebound effect leading to greater stereotype use
• not inevitable for individuals already low in prejudice

Question 14

cues

Answer 14

developed to control prejudice, as being aware of contradicting stereotypes can lead to guilt. this develops control cues and inhibits prejudice responses, which become automatic with practice

Question 15

implicit bias

Answer 15

teaching self-regulation of prejudice habit breaking

intrapersonal self-regulation and interpersonal anti-prejudice social norms influence expression of prejudice

Question 16

intergroup approaches

Answer 16

allport’s contact hypothesis

Question 17

allport’s contact hypothesis (1954)

Answer 17

requires direct contact to reduce IG hostility under appropriate optimal conditions:

• equal status
• cooperation
• acquaintance potential
• institutional support

Question 18

equal status

Answer 18

contact-prejudice relationship is weaker for groups of lower vs higher status

Question 19

cooperation

Answer 19

team sports are more likely to have higher IG attitudes for all contact frequencies

Question 20

acquaintance potential

Answer 20

importance of intra- and inter- personal friendships for encouraging positive attitudes without intergroup anxiety

Question 21

institutional support

Answer 21

organisations can establish communication of non-prejudiced norms, and encourage IG cooperation and reduced bias

Question 22

what does contact lead to?

Answer 22

increased outgroup knowledge, empathy, and reduced IG anxiety

this reduces stereotyping and perceptions of IG threat

Question 23

weaknesses of contact hypothesis

Answer 23

• limited effect size shows only works in reducing prejudice in some people
• can be negative or positive
• pre-existing attitudes might lead to avoiding IG contact
• unfalsifiable
• direct contact unlikely to occur naturally

Question 24

indirect contact strategies

Answer 24

extended contact

vicarious contact

media contact

imagined contact

e-contact

Question 25

extended contact

Answer 25

can be active/passive, and occurs through another person

friend-of-a-friend phenomenon reduces IG anxiety by knowing positive relationships are possible

avoids cognitive dissonance of disliking a friend’s friend, and fear of outgroup rejection

Question 26

consequences of extended contact

Answer 26

reduces explicit IG prejudice and threat perceptions

strongest effect when there is little chance of direct IG contact

Question 27

vicarious contact

Answer 27

observing interactions between ingroup and outgroup members, however negative examples seen in the media can affect attitudes

fail to persist over time

Question 28

imagined contact

Answer 28

help to facilitate future interactions with outgroups by reducing IG anxiety and perceptions of threat, through developing scripts for possible interactions

direct contact still more effective

Question 29

imagined contact consequences

Answer 29

reduces explicit and implicit prejudice

may also have inadvertent effects

Question 30

e-contact

Answer 30

synchronous online communication between group members who have never met, has long-term effects on IG attitudes