Personality

Question 1

what are dispositional approaches to personality?

Answer 1

views personality as consistent and unchanging ways to act, think, and feel, regardless of context

Question 2

what are types?

Answer 2

categorical or qualitative differences

Question 3

what are traits?

Answer 3

continuous, quantitative differences reflecting internal psychological dispositions

Question 4

nomothetic approaches consider..

Answer 4

general patterns applicable to everyone

Question 5

the lexical hypothesis

Answer 5

individual personality traits are encoded into language, and their importance impacts how much they’re talked about

Question 6

what do statistical approaches involve?

Answer 6

factor analysis to identify trait clusters

Question 7

cattell’s 16 factor system

Answer 7

1. reserved
2. less intelligence
3. affected by feelings
4. submissive
5. serious
6. expedient
7. timid
8. tough-minded
9. trusting
10. practical
11. forthright
12. self-assured
13. conservative
14. group-dependent
15. undisciplined
16. relaxed

Question 8

HEXACO

Answer 8

1. honesty-humility
2. emotionality
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. conscientiousness
   6, openness to experience

Question 9

eysenck’s hierarchal model

Answer 9

extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
- statistical and theoretical account

Question 10

FFM

Answer 10

openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 11

orthogonal traits

Answer 11

entirely unrelated to each other

Question 12

what are supertraits?

Answer 12

main traits with different facets underlying them

Question 13

FFM: where is most consistency seen?

Answer 13

neuroticism and emotional stability

Question 14

disagreement over the notion of openness to experience

Answer 14

• different definitions between cultures

Question 15

general factor of personality

Answer 15

suggests a healthy basis of personality and formative way of functioning

Question 16

rank order change

Answer 16

personality remains stable in relative position to other individuals

Question 17

mean level change

Answer 17

significant maturational change across 20-40y at the population levelw

Question 18

why might traits change:

Answer 18

intra-individual differences or environmental influences

Question 19

internal consistency

Answer 19

all items should intercorrelate

Question 20

interrater reliability

Answer 20

the same score should occur from whoever

Question 21

retest validity

Answer 21

people should get similar scores twice

Question 22

convergent validity

Answer 22

all items should relate to the meaning of X

Question 23

discriminant validity

Answer 23

should not correlate with measures of Y

Question 24

predictive/criterion validity

Answer 24

should correlate with things X is related to

Question 25

problems with self-report measures

Answer 25

vulnerable to response bias and lack of self-knowledge

Question 26

what does predictive validity consider?

Answer 26

whether traits relate to real-life outcomes

Question 27

bandwidth fidelity

Answer 27

are more specific traits better predictors than broader traits?

Question 28

incremental validity

Answer 28

does the measure make a unique contribution to predicting an outcome?

Question 29

vulnerability explanation

Answer 29

personality traits represent a risk factor for the onset of a mental disorder

Question 30

common cause explanation

Answer 30

common factors explain the association between traits and disorder

Question 31

spectrum explanation

Answer 31

similar etiology with specific associations

Question 32

scar explanation

Answer 32

disorders cause persistent changes in traits

Question 33

state explanation

Answer 33

disorders cause temporary changes in traits

Question 34

co-development explanation

Answer 34

traits and disorders develop together

Question 35

personality diathesis

Answer 35

predisposition to develop a specific disorder