unit 3

Question 1

semantic encoding

Answer 1

linking meanings or concepts to memories; someone asks you what colour ‘apple’ is, semantic memory would answer that apples are typically red or green

Question 2

storage

Answer 2

retained encoded info

Question 3

retrieval

Answer 3

getting info out of memory storage

Question 4

parallel processing

Answer 4

processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; brains natural mode of info processing

Question 5

hippocampus

Answer 5

processes explicit memories, can create memories, and stores memories

Question 6

cerebellum

Answer 6

forms and stores implicit memories

Question 7

basal ganglia

Answer 7

implicit memories are processed , controls motor skills

Question 8

amygdala

Answer 8

two-limbic system, emotion processing clusters

Question 9

flashbulb memory

Answer 9

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 10

LTP

Answer 10

persistent strengthening between synapses that leads to remembering the action or word quicker

Question 11

priming

Answer 11

if a child sees a bag of candy next to a red bench, they might begin looking for or thinking about candy the next time they see a bench; a stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus

Question 12

proactive interference

Answer 12

old info interferes with new info

Question 13

retroactive interference

Answer 13

new learning disrupts recall of old info

Question 14

source amnesia

Answer 14

false memories attributing to the wrong source an event we’ve experienced, read about, heard about, or imagined

Question 15

heuristic

Answer 15

simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems

Question 16

availability heuristic

Answer 16

estimating the likelihood of events based on past memories that are similar; we assume they are common if they readily come to mind in vivid imagery

Question 17

representativeness heuristic

Answer 17

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; we may ignore other relevant info

Question 18

confirmation bias

Answer 18

a tendency to search for info that supports us, but ignore contradictory info

Question 19

framing

Answer 19

generally biased toward picking an option they view as a gain over one they view as a loss, even if both options lead to the same result

Question 20

phonemes

Answer 20

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 21

morphemes

Answer 21

the smallest part of a word that carries meaning; can be a word or part of a word

Question 22

general intelligence

Answer 22

believed to impact a person’s performance on cognitive tasks

Question 23

factor analysis

Answer 23

statistical procedure that identifies factors on a test; used to identify diff dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

Question 24

Howard Gardner’s natural intelligence

Answer 24

naturalist, linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial,
intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal

Question 25

savant syndrome

Answer 25

condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill; like computation or drawing

Question 26

Robert Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences

Answer 26

analytical, creative, and practical

Question 27

analytical

Answer 27

academic-problem solving; assessed by traditional intelligence test where there’s only 1 right answer

Question 28

creative

Answer 28

reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas; creative problem solving

Question 29

practical

Answer 29

writing effective memos, motivating people, delegating tasks, reading people, and promoting one’s own career

Question 30

deep processing

Answer 30

you try to make the information meaningful to yourself

Question 31

shallow processing

Answer 31

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 32

working memory

Answer 32

the retention of a small amount of information in a readily accessible form

Question 33

chunking

Answer 33

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 34

procedural memory

Answer 34

type of long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills (making an omelet without a recipe)

Question 35

episodic memory

Answer 35

the conscious recollection of a personal experience that contains information on what has happened and also where and when it happened (clear, everyday)

Question 36

semantic memory

Answer 36

general knowledge; knowing that football is a sport

Question 37

functional fixedness

Answer 37

if presented with a hammer, most people would think only of using it as a tool for driving nails

Question 38

cognitive psychology

Answer 38

how we think, remember and learn

Question 39

Noam Chomsky

Answer 39

founders of the field of cognitive science
introduced universal grammar

Question 40

Chomsky’s universal grammar

Answer 40

all languages share the same elements; verbs, nouns, adjectives

Question 41

context dependent memory

Answer 41

recall is stronger when a subject is present in the same environment in which the original memory was formed

Question 42

serial position effect

Answer 42

tendency to recall the first and last objects in a list

Question 43

anterograde amnesia

Answer 43

can’t form new memories

Question 44

retrograde amnesia

Answer 44

can’t remember old memories

Question 45

frontal lobes

Answer 45

process explicit memories, including how you think, move remember things; key in social skills

Question 46

algorithm

Answer 46

a methodical, logical, rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 47

crystalized intelligence

Answer 47

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 48

fluid intelligence

Answer 48

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly ;tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 49

prototypes

Answer 49

mental image or best
example of a category