Chemistry of Life

Question 1

how many bonds can carbon make?

Answer 1

4 covalent bonds

Question 2

how many bonds can hydrogen make?

Answer 2

1 covalent bond

Question 3

how many bonds can oxygen make?

Answer 3

can form 2 covalent bonds

Question 4

how many bonds can sulfure make?

Answer 4

2,4 or 6

Question 5

how many bonds can nitrogen make? What is an example?

Answer 5

3 covalent bonds (NH3 or ammonia)

Question 6

how many bonds can phosphorous make?

Answer 6

3 but sometimes 5 because the outermost shell

Question 7

connections that involve the sharing of outer shell electrons

Answer 7

covalent bonds

Question 8

Connections that do not involve electron sharing. What are some examples?

Answer 8

non-covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds, van der waal forces, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions

Question 9

the unequal sharing of electrons

Answer 9

polar
- creates positive and negative dipoles
- the atom of a bonded pair “hogs” the electron and therefore is slightly negative, making the other atom slightly positive

Question 10

what determines if a bond is polar or not?

Answer 10

electronegativity

Question 11

what is the affinity of an atom for electrons called?

Answer 11

electronegativity

Question 12

what determines the electronegativity (3)

Answer 12

• the number of protons in the nucleus
• the distance of electrons from the nucleus
• the shielding of the electrons from the nucleus

Question 13

if the difference in electronegativity is greater than 0.05, the sharing is ______

Answer 13

unequal
- the atom with the higher electronegativity will attach more electrons (be slightly negative)

Question 14

Hydrogen and oxygen share electrons in a covalent bond. Which part of the water molecule will be more negative and why

Answer 14

The oxygen because it has a higher electronegativity

Question 15

what allows for water’s unique thermal and solvent properties

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds

Question 16

what is Amphipathic

Answer 16

molecule has water-liking and water-disliking properties

Question 17

How can water dissolve neutral polar molecules?

Answer 17

aldehyde groups or H groups are going to be very soluble in water
ex. Glucose is very soluble in water (has alot of OH groups)

Question 18

How can water dissolve ionic molecules?

Answer 18

Water is a polar solvent and has two poles one negative and another positive. The two poles of water have strong forces of attraction towards other charged ions, due to this water breaks the ionic bond by hydrogen bond formation

Question 19

what are the three types of van der waal forces?

Answer 19

1. strongest: dipole-dipole
2. Dipole-induced dipole
3. dipole-induced dipole-induced

Question 20

attractions between oppositely charged molecule

Answer 20

ionic interactions

Question 21

when ionic interactions occur between amino acid side chains of proteins are called _____

Answer 21

salt bridges

Question 22

what is a 6-atom ring structure called?

Answer 22

pyranose

Question 23

what is a 5-atom ring structure called

Answer 23

furanose

Question 24

covalent chemical bonds that link ring-shaped sugar molecules to other molecules

Answer 24

Glycosidic bonds

Question 25

will unsaturated or saturated fatty acids have more H’s

Answer 25

Unsaturated forms will have fewer H’s due to one or more double bonds

Question 26

what types of bonds do amino acids form

Answer 26

peptide bonds

Question 27

structure of a nucleotide (3)

Answer 27

1. nitrogenous base (purine/pyrimidine)
2. 5-C sugar
3. phosphate group

Question 28

nucleic acids form which type of bonds? What is an example of nucleic acid?

Answer 28

phosphodiester bond
- DNA & RNA